{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/z02z31p429/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["\"Choices for the U.S., Choices for Japan,\" International Forum, with Gerald R. Ford, Takeo Fukuda, Toru Yano, and Kissinger [2 of 3], 1982 October 12"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.ms.1981 (EAD ID)","MS 1981  (Call Number)","ms_1981_s07_b0906.u.mov (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["videocassettes_(u-matic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982 October 12 (Creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026amp;d76d6049-8c35-474b-899a-c74b5a6b7da0 (Other Finding Aid Note)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library."]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/2076691"]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["\"Choices for the U.S., Choices for Japan,\" International Forum, with Gerald R. Ford, Takeo Fukuda, Toru Yano, and Kissinger [2 of 3], 1982 October 12. Henry A. Kissinger Papers, Part II (MS 1981). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/5211."]}}],"summary":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026d76d6049-8c35-474b-899a-c74b5a6b7da0"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/072/921/small/open-uri20200228-764-1e56lkq_1582903345.jpg?1582885346","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20200228-764-1e56lkq.mov"]},"duration":3776.75,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/072/921/small/open-uri20200228-764-1e56lkq_1582903345.jpg?1582885346","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-yalemssa.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/072/921/original/open-uri20200228-764-1e56lkq.mov?1582885345","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3776.75,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0906_transcript.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\u003e\u003e Undercut, destroy a policy that's been successful for almost four decades.\n\u003e\u003e Thank you, with respect to US European relations as well, this is important for Japan as well. How the western position should be toward the Soviet Union. We should not concentrate excessively. Should we concentrate more on the military approach to the Soviet Union?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=17.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOr a more combined approach, taking this strategy from various fields, as well. This is the problem that we should confront. There is a discussion of on IMF as well as the start disarmament talks between the United States and Soviet Union. In our approach to the Soviet Union, this is not necessarily unilaterally accepted by the Western Countries.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=47.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this is a point that we Japanese are concerned about as well So I think we need greatly an authoritative guideline on this. So, Dr Kissinger, if you could comment? If you could give us insights or hints?\n\u003e\u003e Well, as President Ford pointed out in his first comment, too often the discussion on East-West relations is cast into himself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=80.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhether it should be either a military approach or a political approach. The fact of the matter is we do not have the choice. If we do not have both, we cannot have either. When people say we first have to make an effort at disarmament before we can arm, the result will be that we will get neither disarmament nor armament.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=107.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe whole history of the negotiations on disarmament with the Soviet Union has shown that until the industrial democracies are in the process of building some arms, they will not negotiate about them. The Soviet Union does not pay you for services already rendered. But President Carter canceled the B-1 bomber.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=131.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe asked the Soviets to make a reciprocal gesture. He's still waiting for the reciprocity gesture. So I think we have to do both. We have to have political negotiations and we also have to have a willingness to build up our military strength. And I think those groups in all the countries that are asking for unilateral disarmament are leading to a unilateral weakening.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=157.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd they are making negotiations impossible rather than encouraging negotiations.\n\u003e\u003e Thank you. Very exceptional remarks.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Then we would like to focus our attention now to the United States.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Perhaps Mr. could start off.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e The US economy in the past two or three years, we have been quite concerned about the developments.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=194.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJapan has various expectations or comments that we share or we have various things that we expect of the United States and hope for. Mr. Rakuta How do you view the US economy? For example, high interest rates and unemployment, various other issues as well. But on behalf of the Japanese, if you could comment on this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=232.0,258.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Recently, as you know, Prime Minister Sacha of the United Kingdom came to Japan. She was asking me, Prime Minister Kouda, what would you say from your experience? She was asking me. With the world economy such as it is, the whole situation is quite worrisome. It all started with oil crisis.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=258.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd today we are having difficulty to get out of this instability. Mrs. Thatcher asked me if I had prescription of ridding ourselves of the economic struggles as it were. Well I listed a few items of my prescription. But in order to revitalize the oil economy, it takes, first and foremost.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=288.0,321.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMost authoritative of the various economies of the world. The most locomotive of the economies of the world, the United States economy that has to get rid of its difficulties. The US economy has to be revitalized and normalized. That I thought and I reply to Mrs. Thatcher. Should be the starting point for global economic revitalization.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=321.0,349.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMany other things need to be done I said. The confusion of the world economy started with the oil crisis, oil shocks. There is no guarantee that there might be more oil crisis. We must be assured that there shall be no further oil shocks. For that, we need stability, political stability in the Middle East.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=349.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThirdly, the developing nations are the ones who are suffering the aftermath of the oil shocks the most. There's no telling that one of these countries may go bankrupt any moment. In fact, the countries are chewing up for bankruptcy. If one nation goes bankrupt, it will trigger a chain reaction and global economic panic.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=373.0,400.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow those developing countries, the poor ones are on the verge of bankruptcy. What do we do about that? Number four, given the state of these economies, every nation has its difficulties And agony. There is jealousy, complaints, and grievances among these nations that is inevitable. In the meantime, countries tend to be tempted to resort to protectionist measures.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=400.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe leaders of the world must resist this temptation I emphasize. These are poor conditions I said that all that all can be killed by the American leaders, and then if the American people, American economy can get back on its own feet, the world will be better. Now, all right, first, we come to this question with the US economy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=433.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think my friend here, these two eminent leaders, best spokesman about US economy but I I observe the situation. President Reagan came up with the Suggestion for small government. I think this was a great idea. This is good for the whole world. This is good because, you see, the oil shocks changed the flow of the world economy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=458.0,494.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe kind of high growth rate era since the 1960s was brought to an end. We are definitely in low growth era. Pick any country. Countries of the East, countries of the West, countries of the North, countries of the South.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e In all of these countries, both in government machinery, economic management we must re-examine the tide of the time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=494.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think President Reagan did that well. In other words, in adapting ourselves to the low growth era. By suggesting smaller government that I appreciated. And last year in the month of March. I met President Reagan, right after he assumed his office. I didn't quite tell Mr. Reagan this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=526.0,551.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut I was talking to some of his aides and we're talking about $300, $400 billion order of tax saving. That was a drastic tax cut he was talking about. And in three years, will fiscal deficit be nearly brought to balance? I asked some of President Reagan's aides if this was nearly to become reality.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=551.0,583.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut then President Reagan seem to be cutting taxes. And with taxes cut, it will stimulate the purchasing power Economy will become buoyant once again. Business will pick up and as a result, they assume that fiscal shortfall. But revenue shortfall will be recovered, that seems to be the reasoning.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=583.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut so far, the records don't seem to bear that prediction, I feel. So maybe they're doing a little bit of a soul searching now. Now this year, they are talking about tax increase.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e I think that's good. I'm for tax increase, I'm all for that. Well, I really feel that unless the US economy recovers, none of the rest of the world economies will improve.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=605.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen there's no telling what might happen. It really is imperative that the US economy, before anybody's economy, gets better. I'm praying to the creator, to God.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e Please do the best you can.\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much. I think Mr. Ozukuda has spoken on behalf of the Japanese people on this issue.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=634.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd we'd like now President Ford to appear on the scene now. The interim selections will be held next month in the United States. However, unemployment rates in September in the United States exceeded 10%, it is now 10.1%, very high unemployment rates. And at present the Republican administration, this is a source of headache because of 10.1% high unemployment.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=658.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the index for discomfort in the economy is 15, 20. And Mr. Fukuda, Prime Minister Fukuda had stated the Japanese position, but now we would like to hear the US reaction to that please.\n\u003e\u003e Dr let me respond to Mr. Fukuda's observations and comments. There is no doubt whatsoever that we cannot have a rebuilding and stabilization of the economies in the Western world.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=691.0,736.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nUnless the United States is well on its way towards economic health. But the problem in the United States in the proper perspective, I think you have to go back to 1980. When in the United States, we had sky rocketing inflation rates. 13 and a half percent, that's a very, very high inflation rate.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=736.0,765.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt the same time, we had seriously escalating Interest rates. So that by the time President Reagan took over in January of 1981, our prime interest rate in the United States was an all time high of 21%. In other words, in January of 1981 the United States was literally on the brink of an economic crisis.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=765.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd when you have an economy that was as potentially sick as ours was, it requires very strong medicine to correct the problem. If you have a cold, the sniffles, any old medication will cure you. But if you have pneumonia, you need strong medicine and you take a little more time to recover.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=794.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow, President Reagan in February of 1981 prescribed very strong economic medicine for the United States to correct our problems. He recommended to the Congress that we significantly reduce the rate of growth of our federal spending. In 1979 and 1980, the rate of growth of federal spending, governmental spending, was 17%.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=822.0,851.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat's an abnormally high rate of growth. Of governmental spending. President Regan recommended that it be reduced to 7 or 8% per year. In order to get our federal budget under control we had to do something to reduce the rate of growth of federal spending. In order to stimulate the economy, we had to have a tax reduction such as proposed by President Reagan.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=851.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe individual tax payer was losing ground because of the progressivity of our tax rates in the United States. With the inflation and the tax rate, the individual tax payer was losing grounds despite the fact that he appeared to be having more wages. In our businesses unfortunately, because of the tax imposed by our federal government had no internal cash flow to modernize and to expand.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=885.0,918.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo President Reagan's prescription for an economic recovery in the United State was strong medicine, but it's taken just a little longer to be effective. And the net result is we have some both some good signs and some bad signs right now. Dr. Jeno has indicated unemployment is 10.1%, that's too high.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=918.0,945.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut on the other hand our inflation rate has been reduced from 13.5% down to about 5, 5.5%. That's progress and it's continuing to go down. And will, I think in the next year or two, be in the range of three and a half to 4%. And secondly, our interest rates are plummeting.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=945.0,969.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen President Reagan took over, the prime rate was 21%, today it's 12.5, 12.75%. That's significant progress and the trend again is downward. So I think we're in a transitional stage in the United States at the present time. And during that stage you have both good signs and bad signs, but the trend is basically good.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=969.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I predict that in the United States in the next 6 to 12 months there will be that economic recovery that is so, so important to the strengthening of the economic ties and the prosperity of the Western nation The truth is all of the Western nations, the United States and Western Europe have had economic difficulty in the last two or three years.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=999.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJapan has done far, far better. And you have done better, because you had a better economic policy then we had in the United States from 1977 to 1981. Our current problems relate to the failure of our economic policies in the 77 to 81 period. We're paying the penalty now.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1028.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut I think we're on the road to recovery in 1982, 83, and 84.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you, lastly, President Ford, as he mentioned in his last remark, he's saying that from 1970 to 1980 the wrong policies that were taken at that time, we are paying the price for that now.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1057.0,1084.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut in reality, Economics are related deeply with military expenditure. So it would not suffice if we just concentrate our efforts on economic issues only. So if we look at the economic problems in both the democratic countries, as well as, to countries, we have to look into a military expenditure as well.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1084.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnother aspect of high interest towards the Japanese, and to the Europeans as well, is the sanctions against the Soviet Union, economic sanctions. And by implementing some of the sanctions, we would be losing a part of our market, which is also related to economics there. Dr Kissinger, I would like to pose this question to you.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1110.0,1134.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt present, the United States is stressing the importance of economic sanctions toward the Soviet Union, is this just or not? And the US and the Soviet Union is increasing military budgets And this may hamper, or have detrimental effects on the economies of these two countries. If you could give your views on this Dr. Kissinger.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1134.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e I believe that the issue is wrongly posed in terms of sanctions. Because if you put it in terms of sanctions, it implies there is something you want the Soviets to do, or to stop. After which you will do something else, which is also not specified. I believe the problem is fundamentally this, if you look at the trade between the Soviet Union and the industrial democracies.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1162.0,1193.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhat the Soviet Union wants from us is what they cannot get anywhere else, grain, technology, know how. What they give us in return is something we can get anywhere, some raw materials, a little oil that is available elsewhere. So there's inherent inequality in the trade between the Soviet Union and the industrial democracies.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1193.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn addition, many of Soviet economies are unable to pay, even for the trade, even for this unequal trade. So they're asking us for credits. Now all of this is taking place while the Soviet Union is expending huge resources for its military expenditures. And while Soviet proxy forces are intervening in Angola, in Ethiopia.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1224.0,1251.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd Soviet opposers are in Afghanistan, Vietnamese forces are in Cambodia. And while the Soviet Union with its intelligence apparatus is supporting every terrorist group in the world. So in effect Soviet Union is asking us to finance the overthrow of the existing international order. The fundamental problem isn't sanctions, the fundamental problem is whether if the Soviet Union wants our economic help.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1251.0,1285.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe should ask in return that it conduct a responsible, restrained foreign policy. It isn't asking too much to ask the Soviet Union to keep the Red Army inside the territorial bounds of the largest land mass in the world. That's not asking too much. And it isn't asking too much to have substantial disarmament, which we would be willing to do as well.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1285.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen people say, we are losing markets, we are losing markets that are financing our overthrow. Lenin said, 60 years ago that the day would come when the capitalists would fight among each other for the privilege of supplying the rope with which the Soviets were gonna hang them. What Lenin didn't know is that the capitalists would even supply credits to buy the rope with which they were going to be hung.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1314.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo, while I think that the pipeline decision was taken in a tactically clumsy fashion, the substance, the issue it raises is important. I'm in favor of East-West trade. But I also am in favor that East-West trade become part of a fundamental negotiation between East and West about restrained political conduct.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1350.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the 1980s, I believe a major negotiation between East and West is inevitable. Because the Soviet system has too many difficulties. We should not give away for nothing what we can bargain for. If the Soviet Union is willing to act like a nation state, like other nation states, and if they want to have a communist system, that's their problem.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1378.0,1405.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd under those conditions we could expand trade far beyond what exists now. But while we are engaged in a geopolitical offensive all over the world, it is foolish to give credits, to compete with each other as to who can sell more. And we should husband our economic resources for the negotiation that seems to me inevitable.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1405.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt's not a question of sanctions, it's a question of strategy. [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Was a bad point about the Japanese is that when the US request something of Japan, then the theory. Or the principles behind that request, the line of thinking, the logic. We do not lend our ears to, and we only focus our attention to the results.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1431.0,1460.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo that is why we tend to use the very strong word sanction. As Dr. Kissinger has just explained, I think it was a very insightful remark that we would like to double, and triple to get our pay our respect too. The Japanese I think are not so good at communication and that is why we have mistakenly used the word sanction.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1460.0,1488.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut another point that we have to repeatedly ask is with respect, economic expenditure on the military as well as its correlation with the economy, in general. Mr Fukuda, perhaps you could take this up form well it is a very subtle and delicate problem. In Japan, the people, in general, tend to think that excessive military expenditure is detrimental to the economy, but if you could comment, sir.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1488.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Let me think that by reducing military spendings, if that saving is affecting the productive capacity. Well, rather than spending for military, expenditures spending money for productive capacity would of course be more productive. But the military spending can certainly not be a negative impact on the nation's economy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1525.0,1557.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt does generate some appropriate purchasing power to that extent, but when you look at the total world. Let's take this view the military rat race costing over $500 billion being spent by the nations of the world, that is something very big. All these countries feel they have to spend that money, but take a longer interview.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1557.0,1588.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think, we have to do some soul-searching about the sanity of such a vast spending. While there are dire poverty in the countries of the South, nations on the brink of bankruptcy. What if some of these countries go bankrupt? This will trigger a global panic or quasi panic.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1588.0,1613.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo if we can save or conserve any small portion of that $500 billion kind of economy spending, that will mean a lot I'm sure. Well I heard our erudite friends speak to this but in the world, there is this East-West confrontation. And the nature of this confrontation has been changing.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1613.0,1638.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMilitary, there is more over balance, and it might Spark [INAUDIBLE] any moment. That is why we need to continue dialogue. When dialogue is discontinued, people have become suspicious of each other out of dark suspicion may arise something fatally dangerous. So let us continue our dialog, but when the western nations want to continue dialog.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1638.0,1673.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe must be strong enough to carry on or continue dialogue otherwise dialogue would be empty, that is why on the Western side I think we need military strength. I don't subscribe that the no, not that but comprehensively I think the nations of the West must be united together.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1673.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe must do something to maintain the peace in the world by a united military strategy toward the East. Then, if we can continue that dialogue I'm sure the friction will be finished.\n\u003e\u003e Thank you. Well, I think it was very careful comments that were sighted, but this will also be related to US, Japanese bilateral relations that we'll touch up on later.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1698.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut one or two issues that we would like to discuss before that is whether, we would like to first ask Dr Kissinger to take this up. But with respect to the nuclear balance between US and the Soviet Union, there things seem to be two theories. One saying that the US is an advantage, the other saying that the Soviet Union has the upper edge but how should we view or evaluate this if you could give us your ideas please.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1730.0,1760.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e My to look at this in historical perspective. In the 1940s the United States had an atomic monopoly in the 1950s and 1960s United States had an enormous numerical superiority. At the time of the Cuban missile crisis we had some 3,000 war heads and the Soviet's had about 70.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1760.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the 1980s there will be close to 10,000 war heads on both side. Now, under those circumstances, the concept of superiority has a different meaning then before. Because even if one side can destroy 90% of the opposing force, the remaining 10% is still larger than what existed in the 1950s.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1783.0,1811.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo the utility of strategic nuclear forces has declined. The Soviets have larger war heads and in some categories larger numbers. We have technologically more advanced war heads and in the field of aviation, we are far ahead of the Soviet Union. So I would say there is a rough equivalence.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1811.0,1840.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd no matter what either side does, it will not be able to achieve the advantage that we had in the 50s and 60s. Now, this is very painful to some people. But it is effect, therefore I believe that we have to strengthen other categories of forces, that were not as important in the 50s.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1840.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nConventional forces, tactical forces, naval forces, forces for regional defense. I think we have the ability to do so and we have the technology to do so. So I don't think it is correct to say that the Soviets are superior to us in strategic nuclear forces. And they are numerically superior to us in some conventional forces.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1866.0,1892.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut if you look at the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to that of us and our allies, it would be very risky for the Soviet Union to launch itself into a conventional war with a western nation. And I think, if we have the determinations, we have the capacity to see to our defenses And I believe that starting in the Ford administration, then there was some interruption, and now again, in the Reagan administration, our defenses are being very effectively strengthened.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1892.0,1930.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Well, we would like to discuss even more with respect to the substructural aspect of the United States, but because of time elements, we have to move on bilateral relations between Japan and the United States. But before that, President Ford, well, this is a very difficult question to ask, and I don't know whether you are in a position to respond, but I'm going to pose a very particular question.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1930.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI was reading the US newspapers the other day when a very interesting article came into my eye with respect to the next presidential election. Even if President Reagan does not want to The candidate, objectively speaking, he will be put in a position where you will have to become a candidate.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1962.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI'm not saying please give us the name of the president who will be nominated. But in the next five or six years, what will the United States require, in the sense of political leadership? What requirements, what type of person would be required in the White House?\n\u003e\u003e Well, to respond to that, I would have to look into a crystal ball and come up with a definite name.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=1981.0,2009.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I don't have that capability to see that far in advance or that specifically. In my judgment, as far as I know at least, President Reagan has not decided one way or another to be a candidate in 1984. I haven't asked him and he hasn't told me. And I have seen no authoritative answer otherwise.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2009.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo the situation is that from the Republican point of view, the likelihood is, likelihood is, that President Reagan would seek reelection. If he doesn't then I think you will have anyone of a number of other potential Republican contenders who would more or less fit into the framework of the Reagan administration.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2039.0,2066.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nVice President Bush, Senator Howard Baker. Maybe one or two governors might be a potential. On the Democratic side the field is of course headed at the present time by Senator Kennedy on the one hand, former Vice President Mondale, perhaps Senator Glenn. In each case, whether it's the Democrats on the one hand, there is a kind of candidacy that represents the political philosophies of the two parties.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2066.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the case of the Democrats, it would be a more liberal. On the case of the Republicans, probably more moderate or conservative. There's no question in my mind that the current policies of the administration, domestic as well as international, come 1984 will make it a very difficult challenge for any democrat to prevail in that election.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2107.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Thank you for responding to a very perhaps rude impolite and very difficult to answer question, but thank you very much for your. Thank you very much. Then we'd like to move on to Japan-US relations. First we'd like to ask Mr. to comment. If we take a general view of US-Japan relations, the problems existing in our relations.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2144.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPerhaps we should reorganize and coordinate some of the problem areas and then get down to the details and the specifics. So this Nobel will be a good place.\n\u003e\u003e I would say that when we have this world-wide situation of East-West tensions in which we must live, the mainstay of the Western force is this trilateralism.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2173.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat is Japan, United States, and Europe. These three pillars form the keystone, or the linchpin of the West, as I view it. I feel that between Japan and the United States, we have a huge economic exchange. Over $50 billion of trade between our two countries. Economically, this means we came to have one problem after another.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2201.0,2237.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTo which during president Nixon administration we had a textile negotiations. Textiles was finished, then came television receiver sets. And game, steal imports, Japanese still exports to the United States. When that was finished then we run into automobiles issue. You see, there are individual issues, one after another, all the time, and now Americans are pressuring Japan to open our door more open, as a market.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2237.0,2273.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhile this is a cause of another contention, there is on top of it the defense debate. Pressure for Japan to build up its defense capabilities. Yes, these are all problems, yes. But real substance of the Japan-US relationship is that it is one pillar of the trilaterism, Japan, US and Europe.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2273.0,2304.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe must remember this to see the whole situation in proper perspective. We must regard Japan-America relationship as an important link of the trilateralism. So, on the Western side, we have these three pillars. And between Japan and United States, we are missing one pillar. There's another pillar between US and Europe.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2304.0,2327.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnother pillar between Europe and Japan. These three pillars must be strongly tied together to support the Western system. We should not have the kind of confrontation, sort of a constant haggling, or debate, or bargaining between Japan and United States. Instead, we both seek the same goal. Democracy, freedom, and free economy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2327.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe are working arm-in-arm for the same direction.\n\u003e\u003e Thank you. Mr. Fukuda has given us the basic principles involved. This is something that we should be aware. Because there are economic frictions between Japan and United States and also the issue of defense. At this very important issue is the build up of defenses in Japan.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2356.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe would like to take this issue up. [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e As you are all aware, we have constitutional restraints in Japan and the Japanese do not necessarily think of Japan playing a major role in the military in the world. So we would like to play an economic role in the world, but not necessarily a military one.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2388.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo this is the public consensus that exists in Japan. And therefore the choice with Japan has to take it's very difficult to take a and not clear the present moment. As has been discussed by former Prime Minister Fukuda International Harmony should be the assumption for security. And in line with this, Japan's security should be viewed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2408.0,2437.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHave a viewed from the Americans side Japan's efforts are not enough. Therefore, pressures have been put by the United States on Japan for a build up of defense capabilities especially from the Ohira administration, we have seen such tendencies.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e On this issue, President Ford, please. And the next, Dr. Kissinger, you could comment and give us your views.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2437.0,2464.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis is a very important issue, so we would like inform all of you to listen attentively to them.\n\u003e\u003e With the constitutional restraints in mine I believe, and I think Presidents before me and Presidents since me, have felt that it was necessary for Japan to expand its effort in a military sense.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2464.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis has created some tensions, some disagreements. But I think as we look at the record for the last ten years, Japan has made a bigger and bigger effort. If my recollection is correct Japan is spending roughly now 10 billion plus annually in national defense efforts. There are programs to modernize, to upgrade your contribution to the US-Japanese effort.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2495.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt seems to me that sometimes there is too much rhetoric on the side of the United States pressuring Japan and not enough recognition of the substance that Japan has been doing. I suspect there will always be a feeling in the United States that if the United States is to provide the umbrella for the overall security that Japan ought to do more within the framework of that program.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2535.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut if you look at the step by step progression of Japan's effort, there has been success. But I also think is we move ahead, bearing in mind the Soviet Union increasing involvement in the Pacific Basin. That both the United States and Japan must jointly, as well as severally increase their respective military efforts.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2570.0,2602.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI know there are some who say that Japan, if it becomes too strong, would create problems in the Pacific Basin, the ASEAN nations and some instances being among those critics. But as long as the United States and Japan work together in trying to each one to that which is required for the mutual benefit, I don't believe that the criticism of some others Is justified.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2602.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe are to work in the future as we have in the past, maybe tone down the rhetoric but improve the substance both as to numbers as well to programs.\n\u003e\u003e I have a slightly heretical view on the subject [COUGH]. I think Japan has been an independent nation for 2000 years.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2643.0,2677.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd it has a long tradition of self defense. And therefore I do not believe that Japan needs instruction from the United States which has a history of 200 years and lots of military tradition on the requirements of its defense. Japan will build up its military forces according to its own conception.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2677.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I believe Japan, that we should stop urging Japan to build up its forces. A, because I think Japan has already made the decision to build up its forces. And B, because I believe I can see pluses and minuses from the American point of view. On the other hand, if Japan put its own reasons, will come to what I consider the inevitable conclusion, that it should have stronger defense forces, we should not oppose it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2708.0,2745.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then we should indeed do what President Ford suggested, we should attempt to coordinate defense efforts of Japan where the defense efforts of the United States. But the defense of Japan is not a favor Japan does for the United States. It is something that it will do for its own reasons.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2745.0,2768.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd if it does it the way it does everything else, it will do it with great single-mindedness once it get started and negotiations will not be all that easy once they develop. So, I think we should look ten years ahead and the United States should not oppose Japanese rearmament.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2768.0,2797.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut is not a matter that Japan should be urged to do as a favor to America. And when re-armament starts then we should indeed attempt to coordinate our efforts. But we should also recognize that it will bring problems both in US-Japanese relations, and in Japanese relations with other Asian countries which we should do our best into anticipate.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2797.0,2832.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Thank you. President. Segment as well as Dr. Kissinger's comments, I was very attentively listening to this settled difference in their answer. I'm sure that you recognized them, I saw the set of difference how to view Japan as a country, how to interpret Japan, the Western countries and the industrial democracies.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2832.0,2856.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIs Japan to Viewed as one of them? Or as a unique entity as Dr. Kissinger has stated as Japan having 2000 year history. If we look at defense under this framework, I think that the differences in nuances came from a difference in perspective in this respect. Well, I don't think we can take it any deeper on this issue.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2856.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e But I would like to ask Dr. Kissinger a point of technicality.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e If Japan is to continue building up her defense.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e There is a problem of options. And there is no consensus developed in Japan yet. First, Prime Minister Suzuki at the Japan US Summit Meeting in Washington, he mentioned if we should be in exclusively defensive defense as a porcupine.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2883.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e And the other line of thinking is according to US pressures to Japan there is the defensive of the sea lanes withing the 1,000 marine mile territory. Therefore is Japan to fulfill her international responsibility within this area. And of course the definition of sea lanes would differ from person, to person, to person.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2916.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is the definition of defense of the transportation lines, the trade routes, as well as a military interpretation of sea lanes as well. We have the three non-nuclear principles in Japan which is a unique feature to our country. And this is an important restraint in considering military build up in Japan, as well.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2945.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut since this is a point of technicality, we would like Dr. Kissinger to point.\n\u003e\u003e Cuz I have to repeat, again, my profound conviction that the Japanese will make up their own mind about what kind of defense they need no matter what excellent advice I may give them in this program.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2970.0,2995.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut should I be asked, since I was asked, I would think that for an island nation like Japan, the defense of the sea lanes is a defensive need. And it is not an offensive strategy. So that I would think that defensive sea lanes and air defense would probably be the two top priorities.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=2995.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then appropriate ground forces for the defense of Japan.\n\u003e\u003e I'd like to make an observation. I think Dr Kissinger has highlighted the fact that we should not isolate one military point of view involving the United States and Japan and talk abstractly about another. They overlap, in this case, it's to the benefit of Japan being a seafaring nation, an island.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3021.0,3058.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nA nation to have their sea lanes maintained. That's a matter of their own national security for economic, as well as other reasons. At the same time, it is equally important for the alliance and for the western world to have the capability, the combined forces, to maintain the freedom of the seas and that part of the area around Japan.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3058.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo there is an overlapping of these strategies or policies and I don't think that, in to many cases, will you find a conflict. I think they are mutually responsive to one another.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e With respect to defense we have been discussing these issues and we have been very careful with using these expressions and subtleties, but this has been very interesting.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3091.0,3121.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow if we now move on to economic frictions between Japan and the United States this is a technical problem as well so we cannot get into detail. But with respect to etiquette that we should follow between Japan and the United States.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e How to maintain good manners in our relations in the future, what should be the general rules to follow?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3121.0,3140.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then we would like to ask our three guests, first, Mr. Fukuda and President Ford.\n\u003e\u003e Well, I'm not in the responsible position anymore.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e And that notwithstanding, let me say, as I said before, our relationship between Japan and United States ought to be looked at in global context.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3140.0,3165.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOur relationship is a part of the global context and we should not lose our perspective. At any moment, we have huge trade going on. Huge trade naturally breeds friction, you can't avoid them. But we should talk out these issue and whatever we have come to agree, we should honor our agreements, our commitment.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3165.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat attitude is most essential. Last May, the Japanese government came up with a second package announcement of opening up the Japanese market. I think that is being very much watched very closely watched by the Americans. I can assure you that the Japanese government will honor its commitment. All those measures will be implemented.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3193.0,3219.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis is only start of our efforts to smooth out our economic frictions. Whenever there are problems, we should solve them one after another, one by- one. And do not blow them out of proportion. I think we should simply learn to deal with these individual economic issues, one by one.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3219.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is legion of economic problems between Japan and US, but we can solve all of them.\n\u003e\u003e Dr. Yanno, there's an old saying in American politics that you should learn to disagree without being disagreeable. I think that's applicable to dialogues in the international or global area. The problem are so serious that we should not be disagreeable as we try to settle this differences, the differences must be resolved.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3239.0,3275.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf we're going to have the kind of western civilization that all of us aspire to. I would add this on the issue of trade. If we're going to have an expansion of world trade, and I believe them, it's to the mutual benefit of all parties. If we're going to expand exports from any one country to the rest of the world, that country has an obligation to expand imports.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3275.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt has to be a two way street. It cannot just be an expansion of trade on the one hand and a limitation of imports on the other. On a global basis, it's mandatory that all of us consider it as a two way transfer of goods, money, etc. I am always an optimist and as I look at what is happening in negotiations on trade and trying to resolve our economic policies in our various countries, some are doing better than others.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3308.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSome are doing less well. The United States and the Western European nations in the last two years, as I said earlier Haven't done as well economically as we would like. We're disappointed in our performance, but we're making some headway. On the other hand, Japan has done, on a comparative basis, far, far better.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3346.0,3375.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd that's because your concentration on a high degree of competitiveness, your desire to expand on a global basis your trade. We and other Western nations in many, many ways seek to emulate what you have done and what we must do.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3375.0,3405.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e It seems we're running out of time.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Lastly, again, President Ford, on behalf of the Japanese, I have a question to pose to you, President Ford. President Reagan has never visited us in the Far East. Rumors say that he will be going to the Republic of Korea, but rumors only.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3405.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the other recent presidents have all gone to China and Japan. We're wondering when President Reagan will visit the Far East, and we're looking forward to that. But on this, do you have any inside information that you could give us?\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH] Dr. I would strongly recommend to President Reagan, based on my own experiences while I was in the White House, that he visit Japan.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3436.0,3467.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat he visit some of the other nation that are closely aligned with United States. I can say to you and to this audience, and to the Japanese people, I was very, very grateful in 1974 when I visited Japan as President of the United States for the cordial, the warm, the wonderful, wonderful welcome that I received.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3467.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I am certain that if President Reagan were to come in the future, as I did in 1974, he would be equally warmly welcomed. And I hope he will have that experience as I did because it would be good for you as Japanese relations.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3496.0,3520.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nLast question.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e And I'm sure this will be very useful to the audience since Mr. Fukuda is here. Very timely presence shown by Mr. Fukuda's attendance day. He's on the spot right now, man on the spot. Japan's politics is in a very delicate situation. And Mr. Fukuda is one of the very important pillars.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3520.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut commenting on President Japanese political situation.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Well, President Ford and Dr. Kissinger.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Were inquiring me earlier about where about of the Japanese political scene. I assured them, do not worry. After all, LDP position, LDP administration is here to stay no matter what.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3547.0,3580.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTherefore, there shall be not the slightest bit of change in Japan-US relationship.\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e While the press has been talking a great deal about the LDP's [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Presidential election this November and December, or October and November rather, happen to be the period where we get all busy for party presidential election.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3580.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI feel this is a good opportunity for us to renovate our political scene, to revitalize it. Japan has many difficult problems. The budgetary deficit. If we don't do anything about this budgetary deficit, this will very adversely effect the governments ability to carry out its policies or measures. We might even incur a great inflationary period or also have the problem of administrative reform that we must carry on.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3610.0,3647.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTake any one of these government policy measures and there's always the national personnel authority's recommendation to freeze the wage or salaries of the public service employees. There are all this problem facing the government today. And they are potentially very crucial upsetting kind of problems. And then, you look at this freeze recommendation on public service employees' wages, this and other measures are asking the people, our citizens, to pay some sacrifice.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3647.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWell, if the government is there to carry on this kind of push, the government, first of all, must have full mandate, full spiritual support from our people. So we have administrative reform, we have anti-recession worries. And these are all indicative of the great national crisis. It is time when the body politic ought to straightened out itself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3686.0,3723.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7756/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd we, political leadership, ought to face this situation squarely. But if you ask a question, is the present political leadership trusted by our people? My job is often said as that legendary Lord wandering all over Japan and asking for people's views and airing my candid opinion. And people often ask, Mr. Fukuda, where is your advice?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=3723.0,3776.75"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7757","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0906_caption.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7757/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"00:00:17.277 --\u003e 00:00:24.661\nUndercut, destroy a policy that's been\nsuccessful for almost four decades.\n\n00:00:28.530 --\u003e 00:00:32.586\n\u003e\u003e Thank you, with respect to\nUS European relations as well,\n\n00:00:32.586 --\u003e 00:00:35.111\nthis is important for Japan as well.\n\n00:00:36.400 --\u003e 00:00:41.110\nHow the western position should\nbe toward the Soviet Union.\n\n00:00:41.110 --\u003e 00:00:42.980\nWe should not concentrate excessively.\n\n00:00:42.980 --\u003e 00:00:47.620\nShould we concentrate more on the military\napproach to the Soviet Union?\n\n00:00:47.620 --\u003e 00:00:53.560\nOr a more combined approach, taking this\nstrategy from various fields, as well.\n\n00:00:53.560 --\u003e 00:00:55.390\nThis is the problem that\nwe should confront.\n\n00:00:55.390 --\u003e 00:01:01.656\nThere is a discussion\n\n00:01:01.656 --\u003e 00:01:06.970\nof on IMF as well as the start disarmament\n\n00:01:06.970 --\u003e 00:01:12.040\ntalks between the United States and\nSoviet Union.\n\n00:01:12.040 --\u003e 00:01:14.170\nIn our approach to the Soviet Union,\n\n00:01:15.490 --\u003e 00:01:20.360\nthis is not necessarily unilaterally\naccepted by the Western Countries.\n\n00:01:20.360 --\u003e 00:01:26.630\nAnd this is a point that we Japanese\nare concerned about as well So\n\n00:01:27.960 --\u003e 00:01:32.750\nI think we need greatly\nan authoritative guideline on this.\n\n00:01:32.750 --\u003e 00:01:34.270\nSo, Dr Kissinger, if you could comment?\n\n00:01:34.270 --\u003e 00:01:38.670\nIf you could give us insights or hints?\n\n00:01:38.670 --\u003e 00:01:41.530\n\u003e\u003e Well, as President Ford\npointed out in his first comment,\n\n00:01:42.690 --\u003e 00:01:47.960\ntoo often the discussion on East-West\nrelations is cast into himself.\n\n00:01:47.960 --\u003e 00:01:53.210\nWhether it should be either a military\napproach or a political approach.\n\n00:01:53.210 --\u003e 00:01:56.750\nThe fact of the matter is\nwe do not have the choice.\n\n00:01:56.750 --\u003e 00:02:00.160\nIf we do not have both,\nwe cannot have either.\n\n00:02:01.630 --\u003e 00:02:06.670\nWhen people say we first have to make an\neffort at disarmament before we can arm,\n\n00:02:06.670 --\u003e 00:02:11.720\nthe result will be that we will get\nneither disarmament nor armament.\n\n00:02:11.720 --\u003e 00:02:16.320\nThe whole history of the negotiations on\ndisarmament with the Soviet Union has\n\n00:02:16.320 --\u003e 00:02:21.910\nshown that until\nthe industrial democracies\n\n00:02:21.910 --\u003e 00:02:27.790\nare in the process of building some arms,\nthey will not negotiate about them.\n\n00:02:27.790 --\u003e 00:02:31.940\nThe Soviet Union does not pay you for\nservices already rendered.\n\n00:02:31.940 --\u003e 00:02:37.970\nBut President Carter\ncanceled the B-1 bomber.\n\n00:02:37.970 --\u003e 00:02:41.780\nHe asked the Soviets to\nmake a reciprocal gesture.\n\n00:02:41.780 --\u003e 00:02:46.190\nHe's still waiting for\nthe reciprocity gesture.\n\n00:02:47.680 --\u003e 00:02:50.130\nSo I think we have to do both.\n\n00:02:50.130 --\u003e 00:02:55.250\nWe have to have political negotiations and\nwe also have to have\n\n00:02:55.250 --\u003e 00:03:01.756\na willingness to build up\nour military strength.\n\n00:03:01.756 --\u003e 00:03:06.708\nAnd I think those groups in all\nthe countries that are asking for\n\n00:03:06.708 --\u003e 00:03:14.410\nunilateral disarmament are leading\nto a unilateral weakening.\n\n00:03:14.410 --\u003e 00:03:18.587\nAnd they are making negotiations\nimpossible rather than encouraging\n\n00:03:18.587 --\u003e 00:03:19.582\nnegotiations.\n\n00:03:25.557 --\u003e 00:03:26.500\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\n00:03:26.500 --\u003e 00:03:27.500\nVery exceptional remarks.\n\n00:03:27.500 --\u003e 00:03:32.458\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Then we would\n\n00:03:32.458 --\u003e 00:03:34.585\nlike to focus our attention\nnow to the United States.\n\n00:03:34.585 --\u003e 00:03:39.086\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Perhaps Mr. could start off.\n\n00:03:39.086 --\u003e 00:03:41.860\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\n00:03:41.860 --\u003e 00:03:46.660\n\u003e\u003e The US economy in the past two or\n\n00:03:46.660 --\u003e 00:03:52.950\nthree years, we have been quite\nconcerned about the developments.\n\n00:03:52.950 --\u003e 00:03:59.280\nJapan has various expectations or\ncomments that we share or\n\n00:03:59.280 --\u003e 00:04:03.565\nwe have various things that we expect\nof the United States and hope for.\n\n00:04:03.565 --\u003e 00:04:07.210\nMr. Rakuta How do you view the US economy?\n\n00:04:07.210 --\u003e 00:04:09.760\nFor example, high interest rates and\nunemployment,\n\n00:04:09.760 --\u003e 00:04:12.000\nvarious other issues as well.\n\n00:04:12.000 --\u003e 00:04:16.649\nBut on behalf of the Japanese,\nif you could comment on this.\n\n00:04:18.646 --\u003e 00:04:25.090\n\u003e\u003e Recently, as you know, Prime Minister\nSacha of the United Kingdom came to Japan.\n\n00:04:27.430 --\u003e 00:04:34.730\nShe was asking me, Prime Minister Kouda,\nwhat would you say from your experience?\n\n00:04:34.730 --\u003e 00:04:36.650\nShe was asking me.\n\n00:04:36.650 --\u003e 00:04:43.580\nWith the world economy such as it is,\nthe whole situation is quite worrisome.\n\n00:04:43.580 --\u003e 00:04:45.799\nIt all started with oil crisis.\n\n00:04:48.280 --\u003e 00:04:54.929\nAnd today we are having difficulty\nto get out of this instability.\n\n00:04:54.929 --\u003e 00:04:59.590\nMrs. Thatcher asked me if I had\n\n00:04:59.590 --\u003e 00:05:05.620\nprescription of ridding ourselves of\nthe economic struggles as it were.\n\n00:05:05.620 --\u003e 00:05:10.610\nWell I listed a few items\nof my prescription.\n\n00:05:10.610 --\u003e 00:05:18.090\nBut in order to revitalize the oil\neconomy, it takes, first and foremost.\n\n00:05:21.859 --\u003e 00:05:26.320\nMost authoritative of the various\neconomies of the world.\n\n00:05:26.320 --\u003e 00:05:30.190\nThe most locomotive of\nthe economies of the world,\n\n00:05:30.190 --\u003e 00:05:35.300\nthe United States economy that has\nto get rid of its difficulties.\n\n00:05:35.300 --\u003e 00:05:38.800\nThe US economy has to be revitalized and\nnormalized.\n\n00:05:39.820 --\u003e 00:05:43.950\nThat I thought and\nI reply to Mrs. Thatcher.\n\n00:05:43.950 --\u003e 00:05:49.490\nShould be the starting point for\nglobal economic revitalization.\n\n00:05:49.490 --\u003e 00:05:53.300\nMany other things need to be done I said.\n\n00:05:53.300 --\u003e 00:05:59.750\nThe confusion of the world economy\nstarted with the oil crisis, oil shocks.\n\n00:05:59.750 --\u003e 00:06:05.400\nThere is no guarantee that\nthere might be more oil crisis.\n\n00:06:05.400 --\u003e 00:06:09.290\nWe must be assured that there\nshall be no further oil shocks.\n\n00:06:09.290 --\u003e 00:06:12.510\nFor that, we need stability,\npolitical stability in the Middle East.\n\n00:06:13.540 --\u003e 00:06:18.120\nThirdly, the developing\nnations are the ones\n\n00:06:18.120 --\u003e 00:06:22.079\nwho are suffering the aftermath\nof the oil shocks the most.\n\n00:06:23.770 --\u003e 00:06:28.420\nThere's no telling that one of these\ncountries may go bankrupt any moment.\n\n00:06:28.420 --\u003e 00:06:32.160\nIn fact, the countries are chewing up for\nbankruptcy.\n\n00:06:32.160 --\u003e 00:06:34.740\nIf one nation goes bankrupt,\n\n00:06:34.740 --\u003e 00:06:39.560\nit will trigger a chain reaction and\nglobal economic panic.\n\n00:06:40.630 --\u003e 00:06:47.180\nNow those developing countries, the poor\nones are on the verge of bankruptcy.\n\n00:06:47.180 --\u003e 00:06:48.900\nWhat do we do about that?\n\n00:06:48.900 --\u003e 00:06:54.180\nNumber four,\ngiven the state of these economies,\n\n00:06:54.180 --\u003e 00:06:59.160\nevery nation has its difficulties And\nagony.\n\n00:06:59.160 --\u003e 00:07:02.050\nThere is jealousy, complaints,\n\n00:07:02.050 --\u003e 00:07:05.960\nand grievances among these\nnations that is inevitable.\n\n00:07:05.960 --\u003e 00:07:06.560\nIn the meantime,\n\n00:07:07.680 --\u003e 00:07:12.490\ncountries tend to be tempted to\nresort to protectionist measures.\n\n00:07:13.970 --\u003e 00:07:19.180\nThe leaders of the world must\nresist this temptation I emphasize.\n\n00:07:19.180 --\u003e 00:07:24.400\nThese are poor conditions I said\nthat all that all can be killed\n\n00:07:24.400 --\u003e 00:07:28.680\nby the American leaders, and\nthen if the American people,\n\n00:07:28.680 --\u003e 00:07:34.190\nAmerican economy can get back on its\nown feet, the world will be better.\n\n00:07:34.190 --\u003e 00:07:38.270\nNow, all right, first, we come to\nthis question with the US economy.\n\n00:07:38.270 --\u003e 00:07:44.140\nI think my friend here,\nthese two eminent leaders,\n\n00:07:44.140 --\u003e 00:07:51.010\nbest spokesman about US economy but\nI I observe the situation.\n\n00:07:55.640 --\u003e 00:08:02.450\nPresident Reagan came up with\nthe Suggestion for small government.\n\n00:08:02.450 --\u003e 00:08:03.560\nI think this was a great idea.\n\n00:08:03.560 --\u003e 00:08:05.640\nThis is good for the whole world.\n\n00:08:05.640 --\u003e 00:08:09.100\nThis is good because, you see,\n\n00:08:09.100 --\u003e 00:08:13.580\nthe oil shocks changed\nthe flow of the world economy.\n\n00:08:14.930 --\u003e 00:08:22.410\nThe kind of high growth rate era since\nthe 1960s was brought to an end.\n\n00:08:22.410 --\u003e 00:08:25.905\nWe are definitely in low growth era.\n\n00:08:25.905 --\u003e 00:08:27.052\nPick any country.\n\n00:08:27.052 --\u003e 00:08:30.209\nCountries of the East, countries of\nthe West, countries of the North,\n\n00:08:30.209 --\u003e 00:08:31.310\ncountries of the South.\n\n00:08:31.310 --\u003e 00:08:36.161\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e In all of these countries,\n\n00:08:36.161 --\u003e 00:08:39.320\nboth in government machinery,\n\n00:08:39.320 --\u003e 00:08:46.060\neconomic management we must\nre-examine the tide of the time.\n\n00:08:46.060 --\u003e 00:08:48.569\nI think President Reagan did that well.\n\n00:08:48.569 --\u003e 00:08:53.040\nIn other words, in adapting\nourselves to the low growth era.\n\n00:08:53.040 --\u003e 00:08:56.366\nBy suggesting smaller\ngovernment that I appreciated.\n\n00:08:56.366 --\u003e 00:09:02.859\nAnd last year in the month of March.\n\n00:09:02.859 --\u003e 00:09:08.770\nI met President Reagan,\nright after he assumed his office.\n\n00:09:08.770 --\u003e 00:09:11.921\nI didn't quite tell Mr. Reagan this.\n\n00:09:11.921 --\u003e 00:09:17.352\nBut I was talking to some of his aides and\n\n00:09:17.352 --\u003e 00:09:21.961\nwe're talking about $300,\n\n00:09:21.961 --\u003e 00:09:27.403\n$400 billion order of tax saving.\n\n00:09:27.403 --\u003e 00:09:31.064\nThat was a drastic tax\ncut he was talking about.\n\n00:09:31.064 --\u003e 00:09:36.740\nAnd in three years, will fiscal\ndeficit be nearly brought to balance?\n\n00:09:36.740 --\u003e 00:09:43.170\nI asked some of President Reagan's aides\nif this was nearly to become reality.\n\n00:09:43.170 --\u003e 00:09:46.610\nBut then President Reagan\nseem to be cutting taxes.\n\n00:09:46.610 --\u003e 00:09:48.260\nAnd with taxes cut,\n\n00:09:48.260 --\u003e 00:09:53.380\nit will stimulate the purchasing power\nEconomy will become buoyant once again.\n\n00:09:53.380 --\u003e 00:10:01.180\nBusiness will pick up and as a result,\nthey assume that fiscal shortfall.\n\n00:10:01.180 --\u003e 00:10:05.800\nBut revenue shortfall will be recovered,\nthat seems to be the reasoning.\n\n00:10:05.800 --\u003e 00:10:11.240\nBut so far, the records don't seem\nto bear that prediction, I feel.\n\n00:10:11.240 --\u003e 00:10:15.060\nSo maybe they're doing a little\nbit of a soul searching now.\n\n00:10:15.060 --\u003e 00:10:17.536\nNow this year,\nthey are talking about tax increase.\n\n00:10:17.536 --\u003e 00:10:18.950\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e I think that's good.\n\n00:10:18.950 --\u003e 00:10:21.135\nI'm for tax increase, I'm all for that.\n\n00:10:21.135 --\u003e 00:10:29.505\nWell, I really feel that unless\nthe US economy recovers,\n\n00:10:29.505 --\u003e 00:10:34.170\nnone of the rest of the world\neconomies will improve.\n\n00:10:34.170 --\u003e 00:10:36.480\nThen there's no telling what might happen.\n\n00:10:36.480 --\u003e 00:10:40.715\nIt really is imperative that the US\neconomy, before anybody's economy,\n\n00:10:40.715 --\u003e 00:10:41.840\ngets better.\n\n00:10:41.840 --\u003e 00:10:44.419\nI'm praying to the creator, to God.\n\n00:10:44.419 --\u003e 00:10:47.320\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e Please do the best you can.\n\n00:10:48.870 --\u003e 00:10:49.418\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much.\n\n00:10:49.418 --\u003e 00:10:54.178\nI think Mr. Ozukuda has spoken on behalf\n\n00:10:54.178 --\u003e 00:10:58.662\nof the Japanese people on this issue.\n\n00:10:58.662 --\u003e 00:11:02.070\nAnd we'd like now President Ford\nto appear on the scene now.\n\n00:11:03.630 --\u003e 00:11:09.522\nThe interim selections will be held\nnext month in the United States.\n\n00:11:09.522 --\u003e 00:11:16.065\nHowever, unemployment rates in September\nin the United States exceeded 10%,\n\n00:11:16.065 --\u003e 00:11:20.368\nit is now 10.1%,\nvery high unemployment rates.\n\n00:11:20.368 --\u003e 00:11:25.020\nAnd at present the Republican\nadministration,\n\n00:11:25.020 --\u003e 00:11:31.836\nthis is a source of headache\nbecause of 10.1% high unemployment.\n\n00:11:31.836 --\u003e 00:11:40.044\nAnd the index for\ndiscomfort in the economy is 15, 20.\n\n00:11:40.044 --\u003e 00:11:47.863\nAnd Mr. Fukuda, Prime Minister Fukuda\nhad stated the Japanese position,\n\n00:11:47.863 --\u003e 00:11:53.800\nbut now we would like to hear\nthe US reaction to that please.\n\n00:11:55.110 --\u003e 00:12:02.120\n\u003e\u003e Dr let me respond to Mr.\nFukuda's observations and comments.\n\n00:12:03.570 --\u003e 00:12:11.000\nThere is no doubt whatsoever that\nwe cannot have a rebuilding and\n\n00:12:11.000 --\u003e 00:12:16.090\nstabilization of the economies\nin the Western world.\n\n00:12:16.090 --\u003e 00:12:21.480\nUnless the United States is well on\nits way towards economic health.\n\n00:12:23.050 --\u003e 00:12:27.220\nBut the problem in the United States\nin the proper perspective,\n\n00:12:29.000 --\u003e 00:12:31.820\nI think you have to go back to 1980.\n\n00:12:31.820 --\u003e 00:12:40.130\nWhen in the United States,\nwe had sky rocketing inflation rates.\n\n00:12:40.130 --\u003e 00:12:45.330\n13 and a half percent, that's a very,\nvery high inflation rate.\n\n00:12:45.330 --\u003e 00:12:50.430\nAt the same time, we had seriously\nescalating Interest rates.\n\n00:12:50.430 --\u003e 00:12:56.720\nSo that by the time President Reagan\ntook over in January of 1981,\n\n00:12:56.720 --\u003e 00:13:03.175\nour prime interest rate in the United\nStates was an all time high of 21%.\n\n00:13:03.175 --\u003e 00:13:07.908\nIn other words,\nin January of 1981 the United States\n\n00:13:07.908 --\u003e 00:13:12.059\nwas literally on the brink\nof an economic crisis.\n\n00:13:14.070 --\u003e 00:13:19.480\nAnd when you have an economy that\nwas as potentially sick as ours was,\n\n00:13:21.180 --\u003e 00:13:24.400\nit requires very strong medicine\nto correct the problem.\n\n00:13:26.390 --\u003e 00:13:32.040\nIf you have a cold, the sniffles,\nany old medication will cure you.\n\n00:13:33.210 --\u003e 00:13:37.743\nBut if you have pneumonia,\nyou need strong medicine and\n\n00:13:37.743 --\u003e 00:13:40.930\nyou take a little more time to recover.\n\n00:13:42.170 --\u003e 00:13:49.020\nNow, President Reagan in\nFebruary of 1981 prescribed\n\n00:13:49.020 --\u003e 00:13:53.245\nvery strong economic medicine for\nthe United States to correct our problems.\n\n00:13:54.670 --\u003e 00:14:00.030\nHe recommended to the Congress that\nwe significantly reduce the rate of\n\n00:14:00.030 --\u003e 00:14:05.480\ngrowth of our federal spending.\n\n00:14:05.480 --\u003e 00:14:08.390\nIn 1979 and 1980,\nthe rate of growth of federal spending,\n\n00:14:08.390 --\u003e 00:14:11.820\ngovernmental spending, was 17%.\n\n00:14:11.820 --\u003e 00:14:15.750\nThat's an abnormally high rate of growth.\n\n00:14:15.750 --\u003e 00:14:16.960\nOf governmental spending.\n\n00:14:18.240 --\u003e 00:14:23.230\nPresident Regan recommended that\nit be reduced to 7 or 8% per year.\n\n00:14:23.230 --\u003e 00:14:28.420\nIn order to get our federal budget under\n\n00:14:28.420 --\u003e 00:14:34.189\ncontrol we had to do something to reduce\nthe rate of growth of federal spending.\n\n00:14:36.210 --\u003e 00:14:38.030\nIn order to stimulate the economy,\n\n00:14:39.630 --\u003e 00:14:44.520\nwe had to have a tax reduction such\nas proposed by President Reagan.\n\n00:14:45.790 --\u003e 00:14:49.661\nThe individual tax payer was\nlosing ground because of\n\n00:14:49.661 --\u003e 00:14:53.798\nthe progressivity of our tax\nrates in the United States.\n\n00:14:53.798 --\u003e 00:14:59.229\nWith the inflation and the tax rate,\nthe individual tax payer was losing\n\n00:14:59.229 --\u003e 00:15:04.229\ngrounds despite the fact that he\nappeared to be having more wages.\n\n00:15:04.229 --\u003e 00:15:07.627\nIn our businesses unfortunately,\n\n00:15:07.627 --\u003e 00:15:13.404\nbecause of the tax imposed\nby our federal government\n\n00:15:13.404 --\u003e 00:15:18.513\nhad no internal cash flow to modernize and\nto expand.\n\n00:15:18.513 --\u003e 00:15:24.410\nSo President Reagan's prescription for\nan economic recovery in the United State\n\n00:15:24.410 --\u003e 00:15:30.780\nwas strong medicine, but it's taken\njust a little longer to be effective.\n\n00:15:30.780 --\u003e 00:15:35.100\nAnd the net result is we have\nsome both some good signs and\n\n00:15:35.100 --\u003e 00:15:36.635\nsome bad signs right now.\n\n00:15:36.635 --\u003e 00:15:43.930\nDr. Jeno has indicated unemployment\nis 10.1%, that's too high.\n\n00:15:45.230 --\u003e 00:15:49.810\nBut on the other hand our\ninflation rate has been\n\n00:15:49.810 --\u003e 00:15:54.727\nreduced from 13.5% down to about 5, 5.5%.\n\n00:15:54.727 --\u003e 00:15:58.440\nThat's progress and\nit's continuing to go down.\n\n00:15:58.440 --\u003e 00:16:04.665\nAnd will, I think in the next year or two,\nbe in the range of three and a half to 4%.\n\n00:16:04.665 --\u003e 00:16:09.506\nAnd secondly,\nour interest rates are plummeting.\n\n00:16:09.506 --\u003e 00:16:15.226\nWhen President Reagan took over,\nthe prime rate was 21%,\n\n00:16:15.226 --\u003e 00:16:18.974\ntoday it's 12.5, 12.75%.\n\n00:16:18.974 --\u003e 00:16:23.920\nThat's significant progress and\nthe trend again is downward.\n\n00:16:23.920 --\u003e 00:16:30.653\nSo I think we're in a transitional stage\nin the United States at the present time.\n\n00:16:30.653 --\u003e 00:16:35.011\nAnd during that stage you\nhave both good signs and\n\n00:16:35.011 --\u003e 00:16:39.060\nbad signs, but\nthe trend is basically good.\n\n00:16:39.060 --\u003e 00:16:43.798\nAnd I predict that in\nthe United States in the next 6 to 12\n\n00:16:43.798 --\u003e 00:16:48.539\nmonths there will be that\neconomic recovery that is so, so\n\n00:16:48.539 --\u003e 00:16:53.088\nimportant to the strengthening\nof the economic ties and\n\n00:16:53.088 --\u003e 00:16:56.115\nthe prosperity of the Western nation\n\n00:16:58.704 --\u003e 00:17:03.034\nThe truth is all of the Western nations,\nthe United States and\n\n00:17:03.034 --\u003e 00:17:08.376\nWestern Europe have had economic\ndifficulty in the last two or three years.\n\n00:17:08.376 --\u003e 00:17:12.162\nJapan has done far, far better.\n\n00:17:12.162 --\u003e 00:17:19.544\nAnd you have done better, because you\nhad a better economic policy then we\n\n00:17:19.544 --\u003e 00:17:24.799\nhad in the United States\nfrom 1977 to 1981.\n\n00:17:24.799 --\u003e 00:17:30.014\nOur current problems\nrelate to the failure of\n\n00:17:30.014 --\u003e 00:17:35.788\nour economic policies\nin the 77 to 81 period.\n\n00:17:35.788 --\u003e 00:17:37.749\nWe're paying the penalty now.\n\n00:17:37.749 --\u003e 00:17:45.492\nBut I think we're on the road\nto recovery in 1982, 83, and 84.\n\n00:17:45.492 --\u003e 00:17:50.000\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you, lastly,\n\n00:17:50.000 --\u003e 00:17:54.216\nPresident Ford,\nas he mentioned in his last remark,\n\n00:17:54.216 --\u003e 00:17:59.183\nhe's saying that from 1970\nto 1980 the wrong policies\n\n00:17:59.183 --\u003e 00:18:04.448\nthat were taken at that time,\nwe are paying the price for that now.\n\n00:18:04.448 --\u003e 00:18:07.305\nBut in reality,\n\n00:18:10.415 --\u003e 00:18:15.292\nEconomics are related deeply\nwith military expenditure.\n\n00:18:15.292 --\u003e 00:18:19.961\nSo it would not suffice if we just\nconcentrate our efforts on economic\n\n00:18:19.961 --\u003e 00:18:20.935\nissues only.\n\n00:18:20.935 --\u003e 00:18:25.846\nSo if we look at the economic problems in\nboth the democratic countries, as well as,\n\n00:18:25.846 --\u003e 00:18:30.294\nto countries, we have to look into\na military expenditure as well.\n\n00:18:30.294 --\u003e 00:18:35.957\nAnother aspect of high interest towards\nthe Japanese, and to the Europeans\n\n00:18:35.957 --\u003e 00:18:41.633\nas well, is the sanctions against\nthe Soviet Union, economic sanctions.\n\n00:18:41.633 --\u003e 00:18:44.520\nAnd by implementing some of the sanctions,\n\n00:18:44.520 --\u003e 00:18:49.911\nwe would be losing a part of our market,\nwhich is also related to economics there.\n\n00:18:49.911 --\u003e 00:18:54.857\nDr Kissinger,\nI would like to pose this question to you.\n\n00:18:54.857 --\u003e 00:18:59.733\nAt present, the United States is\nstressing the importance of economic\n\n00:18:59.733 --\u003e 00:19:03.648\nsanctions toward the Soviet Union,\nis this just or not?\n\n00:19:03.648 --\u003e 00:19:08.771\nAnd the US and\nthe Soviet Union is increasing\n\n00:19:08.771 --\u003e 00:19:15.053\nmilitary budgets And this may hamper,\n\n00:19:15.053 --\u003e 00:19:18.962\nor have detrimental effects on\nthe economies of these two countries.\n\n00:19:18.962 --\u003e 00:19:22.944\nIf you could give your views on this Dr.\nKissinger.\n\n00:19:22.944 --\u003e 00:19:29.958\n\u003e\u003e I believe that the issue is\nwrongly posed in terms of sanctions.\n\n00:19:29.958 --\u003e 00:19:33.127\nBecause if you put it\nin terms of sanctions,\n\n00:19:33.127 --\u003e 00:19:38.108\nit implies there is something you\nwant the Soviets to do, or to stop.\n\n00:19:38.108 --\u003e 00:19:42.366\nAfter which you will do something else,\nwhich is also not specified.\n\n00:19:42.366 --\u003e 00:19:46.517\nI believe the problem\nis fundamentally this,\n\n00:19:46.517 --\u003e 00:19:51.092\nif you look at the trade\nbetween the Soviet Union and\n\n00:19:51.092 --\u003e 00:19:53.872\nthe industrial democracies.\n\n00:19:53.872 --\u003e 00:19:59.915\nWhat the Soviet Union wants from us is\nwhat they cannot get anywhere else,\n\n00:19:59.915 --\u003e 00:20:02.651\ngrain, technology, know how.\n\n00:20:02.651 --\u003e 00:20:08.785\nWhat they give us in return is\nsomething we can get anywhere,\n\n00:20:08.785 --\u003e 00:20:15.303\nsome raw materials,\na little oil that is available elsewhere.\n\n00:20:15.303 --\u003e 00:20:20.030\nSo there's inherent inequality\nin the trade between\n\n00:20:20.030 --\u003e 00:20:24.554\nthe Soviet Union and\nthe industrial democracies.\n\n00:20:24.554 --\u003e 00:20:29.361\nIn addition, many of Soviet\neconomies are unable to pay,\n\n00:20:29.361 --\u003e 00:20:33.493\neven for the trade,\neven for this unequal trade.\n\n00:20:33.493 --\u003e 00:20:35.839\nSo they're asking us for credits.\n\n00:20:35.839 --\u003e 00:20:40.139\nNow all of this is taking place\nwhile the Soviet Union is\n\n00:20:40.139 --\u003e 00:20:44.825\nexpending huge resources for\nits military expenditures.\n\n00:20:44.825 --\u003e 00:20:51.733\nAnd while Soviet proxy forces\nare intervening in Angola, in Ethiopia.\n\n00:20:51.733 --\u003e 00:20:56.178\nAnd Soviet opposers are in Afghanistan,\n\n00:20:56.178 --\u003e 00:21:00.116\nVietnamese forces are in Cambodia.\n\n00:21:00.116 --\u003e 00:21:04.690\nAnd while the Soviet Union with its\nintelligence apparatus is supporting every\n\n00:21:04.690 --\u003e 00:21:06.477\nterrorist group in the world.\n\n00:21:06.477 --\u003e 00:21:10.466\nSo in effect Soviet Union\nis asking us to finance\n\n00:21:10.466 --\u003e 00:21:14.973\nthe overthrow of the existing\ninternational order.\n\n00:21:14.973 --\u003e 00:21:20.216\nThe fundamental problem isn't sanctions,\nthe fundamental\n\n00:21:20.216 --\u003e 00:21:25.678\nproblem is whether if the Soviet Union\nwants our economic help.\n\n00:21:25.678 --\u003e 00:21:30.714\nWe should ask in return that\nit conduct a responsible,\n\n00:21:30.714 --\u003e 00:21:33.456\nrestrained foreign policy.\n\n00:21:33.456 --\u003e 00:21:38.744\nIt isn't asking too much to ask\nthe Soviet Union to keep the Red Army\n\n00:21:38.744 --\u003e 00:21:44.230\ninside the territorial bounds of\nthe largest land mass in the world.\n\n00:21:44.230 --\u003e 00:21:46.541\nThat's not asking too much.\n\n00:21:46.541 --\u003e 00:21:51.567\nAnd it isn't asking too much to\nhave substantial disarmament,\n\n00:21:51.567 --\u003e 00:21:54.647\nwhich we would be willing to do as well.\n\n00:21:54.647 --\u003e 00:21:58.799\nWhen people say, we are losing markets,\n\n00:21:58.799 --\u003e 00:22:04.501\nwe are losing markets that\nare financing our overthrow.\n\n00:22:04.501 --\u003e 00:22:08.890\nLenin said,\n60 years ago that the day would come when\n\n00:22:08.890 --\u003e 00:22:12.802\nthe capitalists would\nfight among each other for\n\n00:22:12.802 --\u003e 00:22:19.305\nthe privilege of supplying the rope with\nwhich the Soviets were gonna hang them.\n\n00:22:19.305 --\u003e 00:22:24.891\nWhat Lenin didn't know is that\nthe capitalists would even supply\n\n00:22:24.891 --\u003e 00:22:30.084\ncredits to buy the rope with\nwhich they were going to be hung.\n\n00:22:30.084 --\u003e 00:22:34.620\nSo, while I think that\nthe pipeline decision was\n\n00:22:34.620 --\u003e 00:22:38.272\ntaken in a tactically clumsy fashion,\n\n00:22:38.272 --\u003e 00:22:43.042\nthe substance,\nthe issue it raises is important.\n\n00:22:43.042 --\u003e 00:22:47.559\nI'm in favor of East-West trade.\n\n00:22:47.559 --\u003e 00:22:53.085\nBut I also am in favor that East-West\ntrade become part of a fundamental\n\n00:22:53.085 --\u003e 00:22:58.812\nnegotiation between East and\nWest about restrained political conduct.\n\n00:22:58.812 --\u003e 00:23:04.239\nIn the 1980s, I believe a major\nnegotiation between East and\n\n00:23:04.239 --\u003e 00:23:06.025\nWest is inevitable.\n\n00:23:06.025 --\u003e 00:23:08.881\nBecause the Soviet system\nhas too many difficulties.\n\n00:23:08.881 --\u003e 00:23:14.279\nWe should not give away for\nnothing what we can bargain for.\n\n00:23:14.279 --\u003e 00:23:20.275\nIf the Soviet Union is willing to act like\na nation state, like other nation states,\n\n00:23:20.275 --\u003e 00:23:25.186\nand if they want to have a communist\nsystem, that's their problem.\n\n00:23:25.186 --\u003e 00:23:30.829\nAnd under those conditions we could\nexpand trade far beyond what exists now.\n\n00:23:30.829 --\u003e 00:23:36.305\nBut while we are engaged in a geopolitical\noffensive all over the world,\n\n00:23:36.305 --\u003e 00:23:42.432\nit is foolish to give credits, to compete\nwith each other as to who can sell more.\n\n00:23:42.432 --\u003e 00:23:46.982\nAnd we should husband our\neconomic resources for\n\n00:23:46.982 --\u003e 00:23:51.319\nthe negotiation that\nseems to me inevitable.\n\n00:23:51.319 --\u003e 00:23:54.581\nIt's not a question of sanctions,\nit's a question of strategy.\n\n00:23:57.406 --\u003e 00:24:02.088\n[FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Was a bad point\n\n00:24:02.088 --\u003e 00:24:07.285\nabout the Japanese is\nthat when the US request\n\n00:24:07.285 --\u003e 00:24:12.310\nsomething of Japan, then the theory.\n\n00:24:12.310 --\u003e 00:24:15.980\nOr the principles behind that request,\nthe line of thinking, the logic.\n\n00:24:15.980 --\u003e 00:24:20.740\nWe do not lend our ears to, and we only\nfocus our attention to the results.\n\n00:24:20.740 --\u003e 00:24:23.500\nSo that is why we tend to use\nthe very strong word sanction.\n\n00:24:23.500 --\u003e 00:24:31.010\nAs Dr. Kissinger has just explained,\nI think it was a very insightful\n\n00:24:32.080 --\u003e 00:24:36.330\nremark that we would like to double, and\ntriple to get our pay our respect too.\n\n00:24:38.400 --\u003e 00:24:43.880\nThe Japanese I think are not so\ngood at communication and\n\n00:24:43.880 --\u003e 00:24:48.360\nthat is why we have mistakenly\nused the word sanction.\n\n00:24:48.360 --\u003e 00:24:55.000\nBut another point that we have to\nrepeatedly ask is with respect, economic\n\n00:24:55.000 --\u003e 00:25:01.060\nexpenditure on the military as well as its\ncorrelation with the economy, in general.\n\n00:25:02.440 --\u003e 00:25:07.460\nMr Fukuda, perhaps you could take this\nup form well it is a very subtle and\n\n00:25:07.460 --\u003e 00:25:08.186\ndelicate problem.\n\n00:25:08.186 --\u003e 00:25:12.323\nIn Japan, the people, in general,\n\n00:25:12.323 --\u003e 00:25:16.594\ntend to think that excessive military\n\n00:25:16.594 --\u003e 00:25:21.667\nexpenditure is detrimental to the economy,\n\n00:25:21.667 --\u003e 00:25:25.281\nbut if you could comment, sir.\n\n00:25:25.281 --\u003e 00:25:32.986\n\u003e\u003e Let me think that by\nreducing military spendings,\n\n00:25:32.986 --\u003e 00:25:41.790\nif that saving is affecting\nthe productive capacity.\n\n00:25:41.790 --\u003e 00:25:47.810\nWell, rather than spending for military,\nexpenditures spending money for\n\n00:25:47.810 --\u003e 00:25:52.362\nproductive capacity would of\ncourse be more productive.\n\n00:25:52.362 --\u003e 00:25:56.646\nBut the military spending can certainly\nnot be a negative impact on the nation's\n\n00:25:56.646 --\u003e 00:25:57.445\neconomy.\n\n00:25:57.445 --\u003e 00:26:02.695\nIt does generate some appropriate\npurchasing power to that extent,\n\n00:26:02.695 --\u003e 00:26:05.580\nbut when you look at the total world.\n\n00:26:05.580 --\u003e 00:26:11.284\nLet's take this view the military\nrat race costing over\n\n00:26:11.284 --\u003e 00:26:18.390\n$500 billion being spent by\nthe nations of the world,\n\n00:26:18.390 --\u003e 00:26:23.770\nthat is something very big.\n\n00:26:23.770 --\u003e 00:26:26.300\nAll these countries feel they\nhave to spend that money,\n\n00:26:26.300 --\u003e 00:26:28.230\nbut take a longer interview.\n\n00:26:28.230 --\u003e 00:26:34.540\nI think, we have to do some soul-searching\nabout the sanity of such a vast spending.\n\n00:26:34.540 --\u003e 00:26:39.700\nWhile there are dire poverty\nin the countries of the South,\n\n00:26:39.700 --\u003e 00:26:43.410\nnations on the brink of bankruptcy.\n\n00:26:43.410 --\u003e 00:26:46.240\nWhat if some of these\ncountries go bankrupt?\n\n00:26:46.240 --\u003e 00:26:50.560\nThis will trigger a global panic or\nquasi panic.\n\n00:26:53.001 --\u003e 00:26:58.212\nSo if we can save or\nconserve any small portion of that $500\n\n00:26:58.212 --\u003e 00:27:04.540\nbillion kind of economy spending,\nthat will mean a lot I'm sure.\n\n00:27:04.540 --\u003e 00:27:10.490\nWell I heard our erudite\nfriends speak to this but\n\n00:27:10.490 --\u003e 00:27:14.790\nin the world,\nthere is this East-West confrontation.\n\n00:27:14.790 --\u003e 00:27:18.380\nAnd the nature of this\nconfrontation has been changing.\n\n00:27:18.380 --\u003e 00:27:23.550\nMilitary, there is more over balance,\nand it might\n\n00:27:27.185 --\u003e 00:27:31.640\nSpark [INAUDIBLE] any moment.\n\n00:27:31.640 --\u003e 00:27:35.480\nThat is why we need to continue dialogue.\n\n00:27:35.480 --\u003e 00:27:40.640\nWhen dialogue is discontinued, people\nhave become suspicious of each other\n\n00:27:40.640 --\u003e 00:27:46.370\nout of dark suspicion may arise\nsomething fatally dangerous.\n\n00:27:46.370 --\u003e 00:27:48.740\nSo let us continue our dialog,\n\n00:27:48.740 --\u003e 00:27:53.970\nbut when the western nations\nwant to continue dialog.\n\n00:27:53.970 --\u003e 00:27:58.760\nWe must be strong enough to carry on or\n\n00:27:58.760 --\u003e 00:28:02.470\ncontinue dialogue otherwise\ndialogue would be empty,\n\n00:28:02.470 --\u003e 00:28:06.910\nthat is why on the Western side I\nthink we need military strength.\n\n00:28:06.910 --\u003e 00:28:12.180\nI don't subscribe that the no,\nnot that but\n\n00:28:12.180 --\u003e 00:28:18.605\ncomprehensively I think the nations\nof the West must be united together.\n\n00:28:18.605 --\u003e 00:28:24.457\nWe must do something to\nmaintain the peace in the world\n\n00:28:24.457 --\u003e 00:28:29.670\nby a united military\nstrategy toward the East.\n\n00:28:32.190 --\u003e 00:28:39.200\nThen, if we can continue that dialogue\nI'm sure the friction will be finished.\n\n00:28:39.200 --\u003e 00:28:39.700\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\n00:28:41.500 --\u003e 00:28:46.136\nWell, I think it was very careful comments\nthat were sighted, but this will also be\n\n00:28:46.136 --\u003e 00:28:50.458\nrelated to US, Japanese bilateral\nrelations that we'll touch up on later.\n\n00:28:50.458 --\u003e 00:28:54.555\nBut one or two issues that we would\nlike to discuss before that is whether,\n\n00:28:54.555 --\u003e 00:28:58.170\nwe would like to first ask\nDr Kissinger to take this up.\n\n00:28:58.170 --\u003e 00:29:01.030\nBut with respect to the nuclear\nbalance between US and\n\n00:29:01.030 --\u003e 00:29:04.420\nthe Soviet Union,\nthere things seem to be two theories.\n\n00:29:04.420 --\u003e 00:29:09.478\nOne saying that the US is an advantage,\nthe other saying\n\n00:29:09.478 --\u003e 00:29:15.181\nthat the Soviet Union has the upper\nedge but how should we view or\n\n00:29:15.181 --\u003e 00:29:20.037\nevaluate this if you could\ngive us your ideas please.\n\n00:29:20.037 --\u003e 00:29:23.521\n\u003e\u003e My to look at this in\nhistorical perspective.\n\n00:29:23.521 --\u003e 00:29:30.128\nIn the 1940s the United States had\nan atomic monopoly in the 1950s and\n\n00:29:30.128 --\u003e 00:29:36.710\n1960s United States had\nan enormous numerical superiority.\n\n00:29:36.710 --\u003e 00:29:41.577\nAt the time of the Cuban missile\ncrisis we had some 3,000 war heads and\n\n00:29:41.577 --\u003e 00:29:43.631\nthe Soviet's had about 70.\n\n00:29:43.631 --\u003e 00:29:49.670\nIn the 1980s there will be close\nto 10,000 war heads on both side.\n\n00:29:51.160 --\u003e 00:29:53.420\nNow, under those circumstances,\n\n00:29:53.420 --\u003e 00:29:59.260\nthe concept of superiority has\na different meaning then before.\n\n00:29:59.260 --\u003e 00:30:04.970\nBecause even if one side can\ndestroy 90% of the opposing force,\n\n00:30:04.970 --\u003e 00:30:10.074\nthe remaining 10% is still larger\nthan what existed in the 1950s.\n\n00:30:11.240 --\u003e 00:30:19.040\nSo the utility of strategic\nnuclear forces has declined.\n\n00:30:19.040 --\u003e 00:30:26.970\nThe Soviets have larger war heads and\nin some categories larger numbers.\n\n00:30:26.970 --\u003e 00:30:30.961\nWe have technologically\nmore advanced war heads and\n\n00:30:30.961 --\u003e 00:30:35.776\nin the field of aviation,\nwe are far ahead of the Soviet Union.\n\n00:30:35.776 --\u003e 00:30:40.140\nSo I would say there is\na rough equivalence.\n\n00:30:40.140 --\u003e 00:30:44.580\nAnd no matter what either side does,\nit will not be able to achieve\n\n00:30:44.580 --\u003e 00:30:49.570\nthe advantage that we had in the 50s and\n60s.\n\n00:30:49.570 --\u003e 00:30:51.560\nNow, this is very painful to some people.\n\n00:30:52.790 --\u003e 00:31:00.390\nBut it is effect,\ntherefore I believe that we have\n\n00:31:00.390 --\u003e 00:31:06.570\nto strengthen other categories of forces,\nthat were not as important in the 50s.\n\n00:31:06.570 --\u003e 00:31:13.880\nConventional forces, tactical forces,\nnaval forces, forces for regional defense.\n\n00:31:13.880 --\u003e 00:31:18.850\nI think we have the ability to do so\nand we have the technology to do so.\n\n00:31:20.150 --\u003e 00:31:22.780\nSo I don't think it is correct to say that\n\n00:31:22.780 --\u003e 00:31:26.760\nthe Soviets are superior to us\nin strategic nuclear forces.\n\n00:31:27.910 --\u003e 00:31:32.020\nAnd they are numerically superior\nto us in some conventional forces.\n\n00:31:32.020 --\u003e 00:31:37.400\nBut if you look at the industrial\npotential of the Soviet Union to that of\n\n00:31:37.400 --\u003e 00:31:41.390\nus and our allies,\nit would be very risky for\n\n00:31:41.390 --\u003e 00:31:46.480\nthe Soviet Union to launch itself into\na conventional war with a western nation.\n\n00:31:47.650 --\u003e 00:31:51.860\nAnd I think, if we have the\ndeterminations, we have the capacity to\n\n00:31:51.860 --\u003e 00:31:57.607\nsee to our defenses And I believe that\nstarting in the Ford administration,\n\n00:31:57.607 --\u003e 00:32:03.260\nthen there was some interruption, and\nnow again, in the Reagan administration,\n\n00:32:03.260 --\u003e 00:32:07.161\nour defenses are being very\neffectively strengthened.\n\n00:32:10.589 --\u003e 00:32:12.283\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\n00:32:12.283 --\u003e 00:32:14.440\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Well,\n\n00:32:14.440 --\u003e 00:32:19.236\nwe would like to discuss even more with\nrespect to the substructural aspect of\n\n00:32:19.236 --\u003e 00:32:22.408\nthe United States, but\nbecause of time elements,\n\n00:32:22.408 --\u003e 00:32:27.157\nwe have to move on bilateral relations\nbetween Japan and the United States.\n\n00:32:27.157 --\u003e 00:32:33.772\nBut before that, President Ford, well,\nthis is a very difficult question to ask,\n\n00:32:33.772 --\u003e 00:32:38.335\nand I don't know whether you\nare in a position to respond,\n\n00:32:38.335 --\u003e 00:32:42.361\nbut I'm going to pose\na very particular question.\n\n00:32:42.361 --\u003e 00:32:46.623\nI was reading the US newspapers the other\nday when a very interesting article came\n\n00:32:46.623 --\u003e 00:32:50.350\ninto my eye with respect to\nthe next presidential election.\n\n00:32:50.350 --\u003e 00:32:56.945\nEven if President Reagan does not want\nto The candidate, objectively speaking,\n\n00:32:56.945 --\u003e 00:33:01.210\nhe will be put in a position where\nyou will have to become a candidate.\n\n00:33:01.210 --\u003e 00:33:04.990\nI'm not saying please give us the name\nof the president who will be nominated.\n\n00:33:04.990 --\u003e 00:33:07.490\nBut in the next five or six years,\n\n00:33:07.490 --\u003e 00:33:11.610\nwhat will the United States require,\nin the sense of political leadership?\n\n00:33:11.610 --\u003e 00:33:17.665\nWhat requirements, what type of person\nwould be required in the White House?\n\n00:33:17.665 --\u003e 00:33:22.715\n\u003e\u003e Well, to respond to that,\nI would have to look\n\n00:33:22.715 --\u003e 00:33:28.420\ninto a crystal ball and\ncome up with a definite name.\n\n00:33:29.830 --\u003e 00:33:35.097\nAnd I don't have that capability to see\nthat far in advance or that specifically.\n\n00:33:37.876 --\u003e 00:33:42.391\nIn my judgment, as far as I know at least,\n\n00:33:42.391 --\u003e 00:33:47.035\nPresident Reagan has\nnot decided one way or\n\n00:33:47.035 --\u003e 00:33:51.297\nanother to be a candidate in 1984.\n\n00:33:51.297 --\u003e 00:33:54.620\nI haven't asked him and he hasn't told me.\n\n00:33:54.620 --\u003e 00:33:59.850\nAnd I have seen no\nauthoritative answer otherwise.\n\n00:33:59.850 --\u003e 00:34:04.220\nSo the situation is that from\nthe Republican point of view,\n\n00:34:06.320 --\u003e 00:34:12.000\nthe likelihood is, likelihood is, that\nPresident Reagan would seek reelection.\n\n00:34:13.800 --\u003e 00:34:18.660\nIf he doesn't then I think you will\nhave anyone of a number of other\n\n00:34:18.660 --\u003e 00:34:21.810\npotential Republican\ncontenders who would more or\n\n00:34:21.810 --\u003e 00:34:26.150\nless fit into the framework\nof the Reagan administration.\n\n00:34:26.150 --\u003e 00:34:31.708\nVice President Bush, Senator Howard Baker.\n\n00:34:31.708 --\u003e 00:34:34.740\nMaybe one or\ntwo governors might be a potential.\n\n00:34:34.740 --\u003e 00:34:39.240\nOn the Democratic side the field\nis of course headed at\n\n00:34:39.240 --\u003e 00:34:43.640\nthe present time by\nSenator Kennedy on the one hand,\n\n00:34:43.640 --\u003e 00:34:48.540\nformer Vice President Mondale,\nperhaps Senator Glenn.\n\n00:34:50.810 --\u003e 00:34:57.460\nIn each case, whether it's\nthe Democrats on the one hand,\n\n00:34:57.460 --\u003e 00:35:02.381\nthere is a kind of\ncandidacy that represents\n\n00:35:02.381 --\u003e 00:35:07.834\nthe political philosophies\nof the two parties.\n\n00:35:07.834 --\u003e 00:35:13.311\nIn the case of the Democrats,\nit would be a more liberal.\n\n00:35:13.311 --\u003e 00:35:19.835\nOn the case of the Republicans,\nprobably more moderate or conservative.\n\n00:35:19.835 --\u003e 00:35:25.777\nThere's no question in my mind\nthat the current policies\n\n00:35:25.777 --\u003e 00:35:32.213\nof the administration,\ndomestic as well as international,\n\n00:35:32.213 --\u003e 00:35:38.153\ncome 1984 will make it a very\ndifficult challenge for\n\n00:35:38.153 --\u003e 00:35:42.630\nany democrat to prevail in that election.\n\n00:35:44.670 --\u003e 00:35:48.645\n\u003e\u003e Thank you for responding to\na very perhaps rude impolite and\n\n00:35:48.645 --\u003e 00:35:53.906\nvery difficult to answer question,\nbut thank you very much for your.\n\n00:35:53.906 --\u003e 00:35:54.800\nThank you very much.\n\n00:35:54.800 --\u003e 00:35:58.310\nThen we'd like to move on\nto Japan-US relations.\n\n00:35:58.310 --\u003e 00:36:00.340\nFirst we'd like to ask Mr. to comment.\n\n00:36:02.520 --\u003e 00:36:07.140\nIf we take a general view\nof US-Japan relations,\n\n00:36:07.140 --\u003e 00:36:10.998\nthe problems existing in our relations.\n\n00:36:13.984 --\u003e 00:36:18.704\nPerhaps we should reorganize and\ncoordinate some of the problem areas and\n\n00:36:18.704 --\u003e 00:36:21.757\nthen get down to the details and\nthe specifics.\n\n00:36:21.757 --\u003e 00:36:23.680\nSo this Nobel will be a good place.\n\n00:36:25.330 --\u003e 00:36:30.701\n\u003e\u003e I would say that when\nwe have this world-wide\n\n00:36:30.701 --\u003e 00:36:36.600\nsituation of East-West tensions\nin which we must live,\n\n00:36:36.600 --\u003e 00:36:41.930\nthe mainstay of the Western\nforce is this trilateralism.\n\n00:36:41.930 --\u003e 00:36:46.104\nThat is Japan, United States, and Europe.\n\n00:36:46.104 --\u003e 00:36:50.918\nThese three pillars form the keystone, or\n\n00:36:50.918 --\u003e 00:36:55.340\nthe linchpin of the West, as I view it.\n\n00:36:56.690 --\u003e 00:37:04.580\nI feel that between Japan and the United\nStates, we have a huge economic exchange.\n\n00:37:04.580 --\u003e 00:37:09.880\nOver $50 billion of trade\nbetween our two countries.\n\n00:37:09.880 --\u003e 00:37:15.090\nEconomically, this means we came\nto have one problem after another.\n\n00:37:17.010 --\u003e 00:37:20.888\nTo which during president\nNixon administration\n\n00:37:20.888 --\u003e 00:37:23.447\nwe had a textile negotiations.\n\n00:37:23.447 --\u003e 00:37:28.400\nTextiles was finished,\nthen came television receiver sets.\n\n00:37:28.400 --\u003e 00:37:34.130\nAnd game, steal imports, Japanese\nstill exports to the United States.\n\n00:37:34.130 --\u003e 00:37:39.260\nWhen that was finished then we\nrun into automobiles issue.\n\n00:37:39.260 --\u003e 00:37:45.420\nYou see, there are individual issues,\none after another, all the time,\n\n00:37:45.420 --\u003e 00:37:53.650\nand now Americans are pressuring Japan\nto open our door more open, as a market.\n\n00:37:53.650 --\u003e 00:37:57.780\nWhile this is a cause\nof another contention,\n\n00:37:57.780 --\u003e 00:38:01.600\nthere is on top of it the defense debate.\n\n00:38:01.600 --\u003e 00:38:06.970\nPressure for Japan to build\nup its defense capabilities.\n\n00:38:06.970 --\u003e 00:38:10.110\nYes, these are all problems, yes.\n\n00:38:10.110 --\u003e 00:38:18.160\nBut real substance of the Japan-US\nrelationship is that it is\n\n00:38:18.160 --\u003e 00:38:24.220\none pillar of the trilaterism,\nJapan, US and Europe.\n\n00:38:24.220 --\u003e 00:38:29.240\nWe must remember this to see the whole\nsituation in proper perspective.\n\n00:38:29.240 --\u003e 00:38:34.290\nWe must regard Japan-America relationship\nas an important link of the trilateralism.\n\n00:38:36.340 --\u003e 00:38:40.980\nSo, on the Western side,\nwe have these three pillars.\n\n00:38:42.400 --\u003e 00:38:45.840\nAnd between Japan and United States,\nwe are missing one pillar.\n\n00:38:45.840 --\u003e 00:38:47.870\nThere's another pillar between US and\nEurope.\n\n00:38:47.870 --\u003e 00:38:50.400\nAnother pillar between Europe and Japan.\n\n00:38:50.400 --\u003e 00:38:57.980\nThese three pillars must be strongly tied\ntogether to support the Western system.\n\n00:38:57.980 --\u003e 00:39:03.010\nWe should not have the kind of\nconfrontation, sort of a constant\n\n00:39:03.010 --\u003e 00:39:07.390\nhaggling, or debate, or bargaining\nbetween Japan and United States.\n\n00:39:07.390 --\u003e 00:39:12.159\nInstead, we both seek the same goal.\n\n00:39:12.159 --\u003e 00:39:16.520\nDemocracy, freedom, and free economy.\n\n00:39:16.520 --\u003e 00:39:22.047\nWe are working arm-in-arm for\nthe same direction.\n\n00:39:22.047 --\u003e 00:39:24.315\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\n00:39:24.315 --\u003e 00:39:27.860\nMr. Fukuda has given us\nthe basic principles involved.\n\n00:39:29.720 --\u003e 00:39:31.990\nThis is something that we should be aware.\n\n00:39:31.990 --\u003e 00:39:37.044\nBecause there are economic\nfrictions between Japan and\n\n00:39:37.044 --\u003e 00:39:41.138\nUnited States and\nalso the issue of defense.\n\n00:39:41.138 --\u003e 00:39:48.009\nAt this very important issue is\nthe build up of defenses in Japan.\n\n00:39:48.009 --\u003e 00:39:49.380\nWe would like to take this issue up.\n\n00:39:49.380 --\u003e 00:39:52.673\n[FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e As you are all aware,\n\n00:39:52.673 --\u003e 00:39:57.607\nwe have constitutional restraints\nin Japan and the Japanese do not\n\n00:39:57.607 --\u003e 00:40:03.351\nnecessarily think of Japan playing a major\nrole in the military in the world.\n\n00:40:03.351 --\u003e 00:40:06.456\nSo we would like to play\nan economic role in the world, but\n\n00:40:06.456 --\u003e 00:40:08.284\nnot necessarily a military one.\n\n00:40:08.284 --\u003e 00:40:11.910\nSo this is the public consensus\nthat exists in Japan.\n\n00:40:11.910 --\u003e 00:40:16.231\nAnd therefore the choice with Japan has\nto take it's very difficult to take a and\n\n00:40:16.231 --\u003e 00:40:18.740\nnot clear the present moment.\n\n00:40:18.740 --\u003e 00:40:21.828\nAs has been discussed by former\n\n00:40:21.828 --\u003e 00:40:26.464\nPrime Minister Fukuda\nInternational Harmony\n\n00:40:26.464 --\u003e 00:40:30.519\nshould be the assumption for security.\n\n00:40:30.519 --\u003e 00:40:37.520\nAnd in line with this,\nJapan's security should be viewed.\n\n00:40:37.520 --\u003e 00:40:43.430\nHave a viewed from the Americans\nside Japan's efforts are not enough.\n\n00:40:43.430 --\u003e 00:40:47.565\nTherefore, pressures have been put\nby the United States on Japan for\n\n00:40:47.565 --\u003e 00:40:52.343\na build up of defense capabilities\nespecially from the Ohira administration,\n\n00:40:52.343 --\u003e 00:40:54.220\nwe have seen such tendencies.\n\n00:40:54.220 --\u003e 00:40:58.660\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e On this issue, President Ford, please.\n\n00:40:59.660 --\u003e 00:41:04.180\nAnd the next, Dr. Kissinger,\nyou could comment and give us your views.\n\n00:41:04.180 --\u003e 00:41:06.640\nThis is a very important issue, so\n\n00:41:06.640 --\u003e 00:41:10.703\nwe would like inform all of you\nto listen attentively to them.\n\n00:41:10.703 --\u003e 00:41:15.190\n\u003e\u003e With the constitutional\n\n00:41:15.190 --\u003e 00:41:20.000\nrestraints in mine I believe, and\n\n00:41:20.000 --\u003e 00:41:25.800\nI think Presidents before me and\nPresidents since me,\n\n00:41:25.800 --\u003e 00:41:30.700\nhave felt that it was necessary for Japan\n\n00:41:30.700 --\u003e 00:41:35.620\nto expand its effort in a military sense.\n\n00:41:35.620 --\u003e 00:41:42.360\nThis has created some tensions,\nsome disagreements.\n\n00:41:42.360 --\u003e 00:41:48.148\nBut I think as we look at the record for\nthe last ten years,\n\n00:41:48.148 --\u003e 00:41:52.498\nJapan has made a bigger and bigger effort.\n\n00:41:52.498 --\u003e 00:41:58.822\nIf my recollection is correct\nJapan is spending roughly now 10\n\n00:41:58.822 --\u003e 00:42:04.108\nbillion plus annually in\nnational defense efforts.\n\n00:42:04.108 --\u003e 00:42:08.265\nThere are programs to modernize,\n\n00:42:08.265 --\u003e 00:42:15.450\nto upgrade your contribution\nto the US-Japanese effort.\n\n00:42:15.450 --\u003e 00:42:20.900\nIt seems to me that\nsometimes there is too much\n\n00:42:20.900 --\u003e 00:42:26.760\nrhetoric on the side of\nthe United States pressuring Japan and\n\n00:42:26.760 --\u003e 00:42:32.730\nnot enough recognition of the substance\nthat Japan has been doing.\n\n00:42:34.290 --\u003e 00:42:39.360\nI suspect there will always be\na feeling in the United States that\n\n00:42:39.360 --\u003e 00:42:44.150\nif the United States is to provide\nthe umbrella for the overall security that\n\n00:42:44.150 --\u003e 00:42:48.970\nJapan ought to do more within\nthe framework of that program.\n\n00:42:50.570 --\u003e 00:42:54.570\nBut if you look at the step\nby step progression of\n\n00:42:54.570 --\u003e 00:42:59.810\nJapan's effort, there has been success.\n\n00:42:59.810 --\u003e 00:43:06.400\nBut I also think is we move ahead,\nbearing in mind the Soviet Union\n\n00:43:06.400 --\u003e 00:43:12.210\nincreasing involvement\nin the Pacific Basin.\n\n00:43:12.210 --\u003e 00:43:16.390\nThat both the United States and\nJapan must jointly,\n\n00:43:16.390 --\u003e 00:43:21.680\nas well as severally increase\ntheir respective military efforts.\n\n00:43:22.860 --\u003e 00:43:28.990\nI know there are some who say that Japan,\n\n00:43:28.990 --\u003e 00:43:34.540\nif it becomes too strong, would\ncreate problems in the Pacific Basin,\n\n00:43:34.540 --\u003e 00:43:40.169\nthe ASEAN nations and\nsome instances being among those critics.\n\n00:43:41.840 --\u003e 00:43:45.800\nBut as long as the United States and\nJapan work together\n\n00:43:47.020 --\u003e 00:43:55.750\nin trying to each one to that which\nis required for the mutual benefit,\n\n00:43:55.750 --\u003e 00:44:02.200\nI don't believe that the criticism\nof some others Is justified.\n\n00:44:03.270 --\u003e 00:44:08.070\nWe are to work in the future\nas we have in the past,\n\n00:44:09.180 --\u003e 00:44:11.940\nmaybe tone down the rhetoric but\n\n00:44:11.940 --\u003e 00:44:16.570\nimprove the substance both as\nto numbers as well to programs.\n\n00:44:22.808 --\u003e 00:44:27.110\n\u003e\u003e I have a slightly heretical\nview on the subject [COUGH].\n\n00:44:29.720 --\u003e 00:44:35.540\nI think Japan has been an independent\nnation for 2000 years.\n\n00:44:37.380 --\u003e 00:44:40.340\nAnd it has a long\ntradition of self defense.\n\n00:44:42.430 --\u003e 00:44:47.310\nAnd therefore I do not believe that Japan\nneeds instruction from the United States\n\n00:44:47.310 --\u003e 00:44:52.250\nwhich has a history of 200 years and\n\n00:44:52.250 --\u003e 00:44:58.299\nlots of military tradition on\nthe requirements of its defense.\n\n00:45:00.370 --\u003e 00:45:06.680\nJapan will build up its military forces\naccording to its own conception.\n\n00:45:08.560 --\u003e 00:45:13.583\nAnd I believe Japan, that we should stop\n\n00:45:13.583 --\u003e 00:45:18.171\nurging Japan to build up its forces.\n\n00:45:18.171 --\u003e 00:45:24.398\nA, because I think Japan has already made\nthe decision to build up its forces.\n\n00:45:24.398 --\u003e 00:45:29.950\nAnd B,\nbecause I believe I can see pluses and\n\n00:45:29.950 --\u003e 00:45:31.860\nminuses from the American point of view.\n\n00:45:33.120 --\u003e 00:45:33.880\nOn the other hand,\n\n00:45:33.880 --\u003e 00:45:39.220\nif Japan put its own reasons, will come to\nwhat I consider the inevitable conclusion,\n\n00:45:40.450 --\u003e 00:45:45.590\nthat it should have stronger defense\nforces, we should not oppose it.\n\n00:45:45.590 --\u003e 00:45:48.950\nAnd then we should indeed do\nwhat President Ford suggested,\n\n00:45:48.950 --\u003e 00:45:54.000\nwe should attempt to\ncoordinate defense efforts of\n\n00:45:54.000 --\u003e 00:45:59.230\nJapan where the defense\nefforts of the United States.\n\n00:45:59.230 --\u003e 00:46:05.010\nBut the defense of Japan is not a favor\nJapan does for the United States.\n\n00:46:05.010 --\u003e 00:46:08.740\nIt is something that it will do for\nits own reasons.\n\n00:46:08.740 --\u003e 00:46:13.160\nAnd if it does it the way\nit does everything else,\n\n00:46:13.160 --\u003e 00:46:18.460\nit will do it with great\nsingle-mindedness once it get started and\n\n00:46:19.740 --\u003e 00:46:25.280\nnegotiations will not be all\nthat easy once they develop.\n\n00:46:26.740 --\u003e 00:46:32.950\nSo, I think we should\nlook ten years ahead and\n\n00:46:32.950 --\u003e 00:46:36.220\nthe United States should not\noppose Japanese rearmament.\n\n00:46:37.508 --\u003e 00:46:45.288\nBut is not a matter that Japan should\nbe urged to do as a favor to America.\n\n00:46:45.288 --\u003e 00:46:50.164\nAnd when re-armament starts then we should\n\n00:46:50.164 --\u003e 00:46:55.048\nindeed attempt to coordinate our efforts.\n\n00:46:55.048 --\u003e 00:47:00.786\nBut we should also recognize that\nit will bring problems both in\n\n00:47:00.786 --\u003e 00:47:06.634\nUS-Japanese relations, and\nin Japanese relations with other\n\n00:47:06.634 --\u003e 00:47:12.281\nAsian countries which we should\ndo our best into anticipate.\n\n00:47:12.281 --\u003e 00:47:13.172\n\u003e\u003e Thank you.\n\n00:47:13.172 --\u003e 00:47:14.350\nPresident.\n\n00:47:14.350 --\u003e 00:47:17.262\nSegment as well as Dr.\nKissinger's comments,\n\n00:47:17.262 --\u003e 00:47:21.956\nI was very attentively listening to\nthis settled difference in their answer.\n\n00:47:21.956 --\u003e 00:47:27.007\nI'm sure that you recognized them,\nI saw the set of difference\n\n00:47:27.007 --\u003e 00:47:31.485\nhow to view Japan as a country,\nhow to interpret Japan,\n\n00:47:31.485 --\u003e 00:47:36.088\nthe Western countries and\nthe industrial democracies.\n\n00:47:36.088 --\u003e 00:47:40.206\nIs Japan to Viewed as one of them?\n\n00:47:40.206 --\u003e 00:47:48.770\nOr as a unique entity as Dr. Kissinger has\nstated as Japan having 2000 year history.\n\n00:47:48.770 --\u003e 00:47:52.790\nIf we look at defense under\nthis framework, I think that\n\n00:47:52.790 --\u003e 00:47:56.700\nthe differences in nuances came from a\ndifference in perspective in this respect.\n\n00:47:57.790 --\u003e 00:48:03.363\nWell, I don't think we can take\nit any deeper on this issue.\n\n00:48:03.363 --\u003e 00:48:06.337\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e But I would like to ask Dr.\n\n00:48:06.337 --\u003e 00:48:08.157\nKissinger a point of technicality.\n\n00:48:08.157 --\u003e 00:48:13.119\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e If Japan is to continue building up\n\n00:48:13.119 --\u003e 00:48:14.599\nher defense.\n\n00:48:14.599 --\u003e 00:48:19.220\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e There is a problem of options.\n\n00:48:19.220 --\u003e 00:48:22.212\nAnd there is no consensus\ndeveloped in Japan yet.\n\n00:48:22.212 --\u003e 00:48:27.862\nFirst, Prime Minister Suzuki\nat the Japan US Summit Meeting\n\n00:48:27.862 --\u003e 00:48:32.181\nin Washington,\nhe mentioned if we should be in\n\n00:48:32.181 --\u003e 00:48:36.747\nexclusively defensive\ndefense as a porcupine.\n\n00:48:36.747 --\u003e 00:48:40.663\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e And\n\n00:48:40.663 --\u003e 00:48:46.027\nthe other line of thinking is according\nto US pressures to Japan there\n\n00:48:46.027 --\u003e 00:48:52.331\nis the defensive of the sea lanes\nwithing the 1,000 marine mile territory.\n\n00:48:52.331 --\u003e 00:48:57.028\nTherefore is Japan to fulfill\nher international responsibility\n\n00:48:57.028 --\u003e 00:48:59.190\nwithin this area.\n\n00:48:59.190 --\u003e 00:49:04.170\nAnd of course the definition of sea lanes\nwould differ from person, to person,\n\n00:49:04.170 --\u003e 00:49:05.272\nto person.\n\n00:49:05.272 --\u003e 00:49:10.370\nThere is the definition of defense\nof the transportation lines,\n\n00:49:10.370 --\u003e 00:49:16.530\nthe trade routes, as well as a military\ninterpretation of sea lanes as well.\n\n00:49:16.530 --\u003e 00:49:20.610\nWe have the three non-nuclear principles\nin Japan which is a unique feature\n\n00:49:20.610 --\u003e 00:49:22.090\nto our country.\n\n00:49:22.090 --\u003e 00:49:26.695\nAnd this is an important\nrestraint in considering\n\n00:49:26.695 --\u003e 00:49:30.670\nmilitary build up in Japan, as well.\n\n00:49:30.670 --\u003e 00:49:35.300\nBut since this is a point of technicality,\nwe would like Dr. Kissinger to point.\n\n00:49:35.300 --\u003e 00:49:38.117\n\u003e\u003e Cuz I have to repeat, again,\n\n00:49:38.117 --\u003e 00:49:43.193\nmy profound conviction that\nthe Japanese will make up\n\n00:49:43.193 --\u003e 00:49:48.831\ntheir own mind about what kind\nof defense they need no matter\n\n00:49:48.831 --\u003e 00:49:54.050\nwhat excellent advice I may\ngive them in this program.\n\n00:49:55.088 --\u003e 00:50:02.230\nBut should I be asked, since I was asked,\nI would think that for\n\n00:50:02.230 --\u003e 00:50:08.850\nan island nation like Japan, the defense\nof the sea lanes is a defensive need.\n\n00:50:08.850 --\u003e 00:50:13.449\nAnd it is not an offensive strategy.\n\n00:50:13.449 --\u003e 00:50:17.456\nSo that I would think that\ndefensive sea lanes and\n\n00:50:17.456 --\u003e 00:50:21.961\nair defense would probably\nbe the two top priorities.\n\n00:50:21.961 --\u003e 00:50:25.631\nAnd then appropriate ground forces for\nthe defense of Japan.\n\n00:50:28.269 --\u003e 00:50:31.983\n\u003e\u003e I'd like to make an observation.\n\n00:50:31.983 --\u003e 00:50:36.826\nI think Dr Kissinger has\nhighlighted the fact\n\n00:50:36.826 --\u003e 00:50:41.669\nthat we should not isolate\none military point\n\n00:50:41.669 --\u003e 00:50:45.875\nof view involving the United States and\n\n00:50:45.875 --\u003e 00:50:50.478\nJapan and talk abstractly about another.\n\n00:50:50.478 --\u003e 00:50:52.771\nThey overlap, in this case,\n\n00:50:52.771 --\u003e 00:50:58.730\nit's to the benefit of Japan being\na seafaring nation, an island.\n\n00:50:58.730 --\u003e 00:51:03.170\nA nation to have their\nsea lanes maintained.\n\n00:51:03.170 --\u003e 00:51:08.020\nThat's a matter of their\nown national security for\n\n00:51:08.020 --\u003e 00:51:10.410\neconomic, as well as other reasons.\n\n00:51:10.410 --\u003e 00:51:16.911\nAt the same time, it is equally\nimportant for the alliance and\n\n00:51:16.911 --\u003e 00:51:21.787\nfor the western world\nto have the capability,\n\n00:51:21.787 --\u003e 00:51:26.912\nthe combined forces,\nto maintain the freedom of\n\n00:51:26.912 --\u003e 00:51:31.930\nthe seas and\nthat part of the area around Japan.\n\n00:51:31.930 --\u003e 00:51:36.160\nSo there is an overlapping\nof these strategies or\n\n00:51:36.160 --\u003e 00:51:42.050\npolicies and I don't think that, in to\nmany cases, will you find a conflict.\n\n00:51:42.050 --\u003e 00:51:47.258\nI think they are mutually\nresponsive to one another.\n\n00:51:47.258 --\u003e 00:51:50.459\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e With respect to defense we have been\n\n00:51:50.459 --\u003e 00:51:55.829\ndiscussing these issues and\nwe have been very careful with using these\n\n00:51:55.829 --\u003e 00:52:01.030\nexpressions and subtleties, but\nthis has been very interesting.\n\n00:52:01.030 --\u003e 00:52:04.180\nNow if we now move on to economic\nfrictions between Japan and\n\n00:52:04.180 --\u003e 00:52:07.078\nthe United States this is\na technical problem as well so\n\n00:52:07.078 --\u003e 00:52:08.538\nwe cannot get into detail.\n\n00:52:08.538 --\u003e 00:52:13.140\nBut with respect to etiquette that\nwe should follow between Japan and\n\n00:52:13.140 --\u003e 00:52:14.500\nthe United States.\n\n00:52:14.500 --\u003e 00:52:16.447\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e How to maintain good manners in our\n\n00:52:16.447 --\u003e 00:52:20.034\nrelations in the future, what should\nbe the general rules to follow?\n\n00:52:20.034 --\u003e 00:52:25.106\nAnd then we would like to ask\nour three guests, first, Mr.\n\n00:52:25.106 --\u003e 00:52:27.548\nFukuda and President Ford.\n\n00:52:27.548 --\u003e 00:52:30.082\n\u003e\u003e Well, I'm not in\nthe responsible position anymore.\n\n00:52:30.082 --\u003e 00:52:34.296\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e And that notwithstanding,\n\n00:52:34.296 --\u003e 00:52:39.065\nlet me say, as I said before,\nour relationship between Japan and\n\n00:52:39.065 --\u003e 00:52:43.070\nUnited States ought to be\nlooked at in global context.\n\n00:52:45.120 --\u003e 00:52:49.768\nOur relationship is a part of the global\n\n00:52:49.768 --\u003e 00:52:53.939\ncontext and\nwe should not lose our perspective.\n\n00:52:55.060 --\u003e 00:52:59.770\nAt any moment,\nwe have huge trade going on.\n\n00:52:59.770 --\u003e 00:53:04.715\nHuge trade naturally breeds friction,\nyou can't avoid them.\n\n00:53:04.715 --\u003e 00:53:09.662\nBut we should talk out these issue and\nwhatever we have come to agree,\n\n00:53:09.662 --\u003e 00:53:13.810\nwe should honor our agreements,\nour commitment.\n\n00:53:13.810 --\u003e 00:53:15.860\nThat attitude is most essential.\n\n00:53:16.950 --\u003e 00:53:20.350\nLast May, the Japanese government\ncame up with a second package\n\n00:53:20.350 --\u003e 00:53:24.250\nannouncement of opening\nup the Japanese market.\n\n00:53:24.250 --\u003e 00:53:29.730\nI think that is being very much watched\nvery closely watched by the Americans.\n\n00:53:30.920 --\u003e 00:53:35.640\nI can assure you that the Japanese\ngovernment will honor its commitment.\n\n00:53:35.640 --\u003e 00:53:38.190\nAll those measures will be implemented.\n\n00:53:39.400 --\u003e 00:53:44.710\nThis is only start of our efforts to\nsmooth out our economic frictions.\n\n00:53:44.710 --\u003e 00:53:49.399\nWhenever there are problems, we should\nsolve them one after another, one by- one.\n\n00:53:49.399 --\u003e 00:53:53.582\nAnd do not blow them out of proportion.\n\n00:53:53.582 --\u003e 00:53:59.110\nI think we should simply learn to deal\nwith these individual economic issues,\n\n00:53:59.110 --\u003e 00:53:59.954\none by one.\n\n00:53:59.954 --\u003e 00:54:04.038\nThere is legion of economic\nproblems between Japan and US, but\n\n00:54:04.038 --\u003e 00:54:05.664\nwe can solve all of them.\n\n00:54:05.664 --\u003e 00:54:10.474\n\u003e\u003e Dr. Yanno, there's an old\nsaying in American politics that\n\n00:54:10.474 --\u003e 00:54:15.110\nyou should learn to disagree\nwithout being disagreeable.\n\n00:54:16.700 --\u003e 00:54:24.045\nI think that's applicable to dialogues\nin the international or global area.\n\n00:54:24.045 --\u003e 00:54:29.055\nThe problem are so serious that we\nshould not be disagreeable as we\n\n00:54:29.055 --\u003e 00:54:35.320\ntry to settle this differences,\nthe differences must be resolved.\n\n00:54:35.320 --\u003e 00:54:40.840\nIf we're going to have the kind of western\ncivilization that all of us aspire to.\n\n00:54:42.330 --\u003e 00:54:45.160\nI would add this on the issue of trade.\n\n00:54:47.360 --\u003e 00:54:52.240\nIf we're going to have\nan expansion of world trade, and\n\n00:54:52.240 --\u003e 00:54:55.534\nI believe them,\nit's to the mutual benefit of all parties.\n\n00:54:57.590 --\u003e 00:55:03.920\nIf we're going to expand exports from any\none country to the rest of the world,\n\n00:55:03.920 --\u003e 00:55:07.660\nthat country has an obligation\nto expand imports.\n\n00:55:08.840 --\u003e 00:55:10.590\nIt has to be a two way street.\n\n00:55:11.870 --\u003e 00:55:15.980\nIt cannot just be an expansion\nof trade on the one hand and\n\n00:55:15.980 --\u003e 00:55:18.250\na limitation of imports on the other.\n\n00:55:19.790 --\u003e 00:55:25.090\nOn a global basis, it's mandatory that all\n\n00:55:25.090 --\u003e 00:55:32.549\nof us consider it as a two way\ntransfer of goods, money, etc.\n\n00:55:32.549 --\u003e 00:55:36.876\nI am always an optimist and\nas I look at what is happening in\n\n00:55:36.876 --\u003e 00:55:41.926\nnegotiations on trade and\ntrying to resolve our economic policies\n\n00:55:41.926 --\u003e 00:55:46.920\nin our various countries,\nsome are doing better than others.\n\n00:55:46.920 --\u003e 00:55:48.250\nSome are doing less well.\n\n00:55:49.360 --\u003e 00:55:56.740\nThe United States and the Western European\nnations in the last two years,\n\n00:55:56.740 --\u003e 00:56:02.420\nas I said earlier Haven't done as\nwell economically as we would like.\n\n00:56:03.790 --\u003e 00:56:08.260\nWe're disappointed in our performance,\nbut we're making some headway.\n\n00:56:08.260 --\u003e 00:56:15.337\nOn the other hand, Japan has done,\non a comparative basis, far, far better.\n\n00:56:15.337 --\u003e 00:56:22.489\nAnd that's because your concentration\non a high degree of competitiveness,\n\n00:56:22.489 --\u003e 00:56:27.160\nyour desire to expand on\na global basis your trade.\n\n00:56:30.710 --\u003e 00:56:36.240\nWe and other Western nations in many,\nmany ways seek to\n\n00:56:36.240 --\u003e 00:56:40.519\nemulate what you have done and\nwhat we must do.\n\n00:56:40.519 --\u003e 00:56:43.865\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much.\n\n00:56:43.865 --\u003e 00:56:46.232\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e It seems we're running out of time.\n\n00:56:46.232 --\u003e 00:56:51.832\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Lastly,\n\n00:56:51.832 --\u003e 00:56:57.976\nagain, President Ford,\non behalf of the Japanese,\n\n00:56:57.976 --\u003e 00:57:03.722\nI have a question to pose to you,\nPresident Ford.\n\n00:57:03.722 --\u003e 00:57:09.290\nPresident Reagan has never\nvisited us in the Far East.\n\n00:57:09.290 --\u003e 00:57:14.180\nRumors say that he will be going to\nthe Republic of Korea, but rumors only.\n\n00:57:16.220 --\u003e 00:57:21.600\nAnd the other recent presidents\nhave all gone to China and Japan.\n\n00:57:21.600 --\u003e 00:57:24.460\nWe're wondering when President Reagan\nwill visit the Far East, and\n\n00:57:24.460 --\u003e 00:57:25.390\nwe're looking forward to that.\n\n00:57:28.590 --\u003e 00:57:32.986\nBut on this, do you have any inside\ninformation that you could give us?\n\n00:57:32.986 --\u003e 00:57:39.556\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH] Dr. I would strongly\nrecommend to President Reagan,\n\n00:57:39.556 --\u003e 00:57:47.590\nbased on my own experiences while I was\nin the White House, that he visit Japan.\n\n00:57:47.590 --\u003e 00:57:51.090\nThat he visit some of\nthe other nation that\n\n00:57:51.090 --\u003e 00:57:55.420\nare closely aligned with United States.\n\n00:57:55.420 --\u003e 00:58:01.197\nI can say to you and to this audience,\nand to the Japanese people,\n\n00:58:01.197 --\u003e 00:58:06.344\nI was very,\nvery grateful in 1974 when I visited Japan\n\n00:58:06.344 --\u003e 00:58:11.805\nas President of the United States for\nthe cordial, the warm,\n\n00:58:11.805 --\u003e 00:58:16.553\nthe wonderful,\nwonderful welcome that I received.\n\n00:58:16.553 --\u003e 00:58:22.747\nAnd I am certain that if President Reagan\nwere to come in the future,\n\n00:58:22.747 --\u003e 00:58:28.198\nas I did in 1974,\nhe would be equally warmly welcomed.\n\n00:58:28.198 --\u003e 00:58:33.202\nAnd I hope he will have that\nexperience as I did because\n\n00:58:33.202 --\u003e 00:58:37.684\nit would be good for\nyou as Japanese relations.\n\n00:58:37.684 --\u003e 00:58:40.770\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Thank you very much.\n\n00:58:40.770 --\u003e 00:58:41.391\nLast question.\n\n00:58:41.391 --\u003e 00:58:43.841\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e And\n\n00:58:43.841 --\u003e 00:58:48.280\nI'm sure this will be very useful to\nthe audience since Mr. Fukuda is here.\n\n00:58:48.280 --\u003e 00:58:52.765\nVery timely presence shown by Mr.\nFukuda's attendance day.\n\n00:58:52.765 --\u003e 00:58:58.080\nHe's on the spot right now,\nman on the spot.\n\n00:58:58.080 --\u003e 00:59:02.560\nJapan's politics is in\na very delicate situation.\n\n00:59:02.560 --\u003e 00:59:04.930\nAnd Mr. Fukuda is one of\nthe very important pillars.\n\n00:59:07.620 --\u003e 00:59:11.024\nBut commenting on President Japanese\npolitical situation.\n\n00:59:11.024 --\u003e 00:59:14.094\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\n00:59:14.094 --\u003e 00:59:18.925\n\u003e\u003e Well, President Ford and Dr. Kissinger.\n\n00:59:18.925 --\u003e 00:59:22.200\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e Were\n\n00:59:23.410 --\u003e 00:59:28.350\ninquiring me earlier about where about\nof the Japanese political scene.\n\n00:59:28.350 --\u003e 00:59:31.394\nI assured them, do not worry.\n\n00:59:31.394 --\u003e 00:59:34.538\nAfter all, LDP position,\n\n00:59:34.538 --\u003e 00:59:40.423\nLDP administration is here\nto stay no matter what.\n\n00:59:40.423 --\u003e 00:59:45.281\nTherefore, there shall be not\nthe slightest bit of change\n\n00:59:45.281 --\u003e 00:59:47.772\nin Japan-US relationship.\n\n00:59:47.772 --\u003e 00:59:52.036\n\u003e\u003e [FOREIGN]\n\u003e\u003e While the press has been talking\n\n00:59:52.036 --\u003e 00:59:56.499\na great deal about the LDP's [FOREIGN]\n\n00:59:56.499 --\u003e 00:59:59.981\n\u003e\u003e Presidential election this November and\n\n00:59:59.981 --\u003e 01:00:03.761\nDecember, or October and November rather,\n\n01:00:03.761 --\u003e 01:00:10.860\nhappen to be the period where we get all\nbusy for party presidential election.\n\n01:00:10.860 --\u003e 01:00:15.098\nI feel this is a good opportunity for\n\n01:00:15.098 --\u003e 01:00:21.750\nus to renovate our political scene,\nto revitalize it.\n\n01:00:21.750 --\u003e 01:00:24.820\nJapan has many difficult problems.\n\n01:00:24.820 --\u003e 01:00:26.650\nThe budgetary deficit.\n\n01:00:26.650 --\u003e 01:00:30.820\nIf we don't do anything about this\nbudgetary deficit, this will very\n\n01:00:30.820 --\u003e 01:00:37.930\nadversely effect the governments ability\nto carry out its policies or measures.\n\n01:00:37.930 --\u003e 01:00:42.000\nWe might even incur a great\ninflationary period or\n\n01:00:42.000 --\u003e 01:00:47.470\nalso have the problem of administrative\nreform that we must carry on.\n\n01:00:47.470 --\u003e 01:00:52.250\nTake any one of these government\npolicy measures and there's always\n\n01:00:52.250 --\u003e 01:00:56.810\nthe national personnel authority's\nrecommendation to freeze the wage or\n\n01:00:56.810 --\u003e 01:01:00.060\nsalaries of the public service employees.\n\n01:01:00.060 --\u003e 01:01:05.360\nThere are all this problem\nfacing the government today.\n\n01:01:05.360 --\u003e 01:01:10.120\nAnd they are potentially very\ncrucial upsetting kind of problems.\n\n01:01:11.780 --\u003e 01:01:16.280\nAnd then, you look at this freeze\nrecommendation on public service\n\n01:01:16.280 --\u003e 01:01:20.825\nemployees' wages, this and other measures\n\n01:01:20.825 --\u003e 01:01:25.560\nare asking the people, our citizens,\nto pay some sacrifice.\n\n01:01:26.740 --\u003e 01:01:34.830\nWell, if the government is there\nto carry on this kind of push,\n\n01:01:35.930 --\u003e 01:01:40.335\nthe government, first of all,\nmust have full mandate,\n\n01:01:40.335 --\u003e 01:01:46.225\nfull spiritual support from our people.\n\n01:01:46.225 --\u003e 01:01:50.638\nSo we have administrative reform,\nwe have anti-recession worries.\n\n01:01:50.638 --\u003e 01:01:55.980\nAnd these are all indicative\nof the great national crisis.\n\n01:01:55.980 --\u003e 01:02:03.250\nIt is time when the body politic\nought to straightened out itself.\n\n01:02:03.250 --\u003e 01:02:08.800\nAnd we, political leadership,\nought to face this situation squarely.\n\n01:02:08.800 --\u003e 01:02:11.090\nBut if you ask a question,\n\n01:02:11.090 --\u003e 01:02:15.630\nis the present political\nleadership trusted by our people?\n\n01:02:15.630 --\u003e 01:02:20.764\nMy job is often said\nas that legendary Lord\n\n01:02:23.930 --\u003e 01:02:27.670\nwandering all over Japan and\nasking for people's views and\n\n01:02:27.670 --\u003e 01:02:29.370\nairing my candid opinion.\n\n01:02:30.370 --\u003e 01:02:33.569\nAnd people often ask, Mr.\nFukuda, where is your advice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921#t=0.0,3776.75"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17468/file/72921/transcript/7757","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English 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