{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/p26pz51x7x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Class lecture, Georgetown University, 1980 October 7"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.ms.1981 (EAD ID)","MS 1981  (Call Number)","ms_1981_s07_b0991_0001.mp3 (Digital Object ID)","ms_1981_s07_b0991_0002.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audiocassettes"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1980 October 7 (Creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026amp;f371ce54-9996-4247-a213-bc21e8ba23d8 (Other Finding Aid Note)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library."]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/2076777"]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Class lecture, Georgetown University, 1980 October 7. Henry A. Kissinger Papers, Part II (MS 1981). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/5211."]}}],"summary":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026f371ce54-9996-4247-a213-bc21e8ba23d8"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - open-uri20200311-3371-e6l8o8.mpga"]},"duration":1817.31263,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-yalemssa.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/591/original/open-uri20200311-3371-e6l8o8.mpga?1583946296","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1817.31263,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0991_0001_transcript.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\u003e\u003e Today-\n\u003e\u003e 1 for 18 50.\n\u003e\u003e You're doing, yes. Today, I'm going to begin a discussion of various case histories in international diplomacy. As I said to you earlier, the purpose is not to teach history which is probably advertised, but to history.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e But to develop some sense of the kinds of issues that are more or less permanent in foreign policy and those that are novel to our period, and how some of the theoretical considerations that I raised in our previous seminars have applied in concrete instances.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=18.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd basically, what I want to do in the next two or three sessions is to go from 1815 to the contemporary period in terms of some principles of international politics and then for the rest of the term goes through specific aspects of recent history. The purpose of the next session are to.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=86.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIs to do a rough sketch of how we got there. The reason I start at 1815 is because it was one of the few times in which statesmen explicitly had to address the question of how to construct an international system. It seems to happen every 100 or 150 years that what exists has disintegrated and the new international border has to be created.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=119.0,162.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd as I've indicated in previous sessions, every international border faces a number of problems. First, it faces the problem of equilibrium. Do the components of the international system feel sufficiently secure, so that they do not feel the compulsion to adjust the security arrangements to the fundamental disadvantage of their neighbors or do the other states and that's a difficult problem, because.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=162.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is no such thing as absolute security, short of the impudence of everybody else. Absolute security for one state must mean absolute insecurity for every other sect. And therefore, the problem in constructing an international system is to make arrangements In which all the major actors are satisfied with relative security and therefore are prepared to accept a degree of insecurity.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=207.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat involves the second problem, which is some acceptance of the legitimacy of the existing arrangement. By this, I mean, that the chief participants do not necessarily, cannot accept everything that exist for the reason that I have already given. But do not feel so dissatisfied that in order to rectify their grievance, they are prepared to overthrow the international system.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=252.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf you have a acceptance not of every detail of the arrangement, but of the fact that the arrangement is sufficiently just so that minor adjustments within it are possible, but an assault on the entire structure Is unacceptable. And if in fact, you can create a balance of power that makes it difficult to overthrow the system, then you have created a system that can last for a substantial Period of time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=295.0,342.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf one of the two components is missing or the both components are missing, then sooner or later, the structure will just collapse. If you do not have a balance of power. Then even if the arrangements have been accepted, the country that feels itself vastly superior will attempt to alter them and we have seen this in the last few weeks on the Iran, Iraq situation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=342.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere was an agreement that worked reasonably well as to what constituted the border until the balance appeared to be so favorable to Iran that it could not resist the temptation to revive claim that it had voluntary abandoned. Of course, same token. If you have a country or a group of countries that question either the justice of the international arrangement of the justice of the domestic structures on which the international arrangements are based, then too, you will have a revolutionary type situation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=383.0,435.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow let me apply these principles beginning in 1815, because it is important to understand how we got to the collapse of the international order that started in 1914. The problem faced in 1815 was roughly this. In the 18th century, all governments in Europe were Based on the divine right of kings.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=435.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat is they were evolutions from feudal societies in which the king had emerged as predominant over the nobles and in which states. Had appeared and, As an end. The kings governed by the claim to divine right. I mention this similarity of domestic structure to emphasize that therefore, there was no country in Europe that felt that its domestic structure was incompatible with the domestic structure of anyone else.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=484.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSecondly, while in our literature rulers by divine right are considered oppressive because it was against them that the revolutions of the late 18th century were directed. They, That is a complicated issue. They were authoritarian, and undemocratic. But they were not able to govern the way modern totalitarian states govern.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=532.0,571.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRulers by divine right, were severely limited by custom. For example, no king by divine right in 18th century Europe could have collected income taxes. No ruler by divine right in the 18th century could have conscripted his subjects. There was no such thing as conscription. All the armies were mercenary because the condition of government was that the rulers achieve continuity for their dynasty.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=571.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhich meant that, in practice, they had to limit the exactions they could make of their subjects. As a result, while there were many wars in the 18th century, when you had mercenary armies, they were valuable, and could not be expended rashly, casualties were low. Objectives were limited and the impact on the populations, relatively minor.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=616.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI'm not talking about the 18th century, I'm not speaking of the religious wars of the previous century which were in a different category, but one has to start somewhere. The 18th century cabinet diplomacy was based on limited wars, compatible domestic structure, marginal adjustments of territories. In Europe, France was the most prosperous country.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=661.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the only country that really could be called the nation-state in the modern sense in which there was a correspondence between the language that was spoken, the culture that was represented. Germany was divided into, I forget what is was in the 18th century, over 40 states. Italy was divided into, I think, 17 or 19 states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=696.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThose two countries were like the Balkans today, they were geographical expressions. They were not nations. Now, two events occurred that wrecked that system. The first was the French Revolution. The French Revolution, for the first time, paradoxically. Based on the principle of Rousseau, which was that a people could not oppress itself, and that anything that the general will did was just.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=722.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGave powers to the government that would have been unimaginable if a king of France had attempted to impose. The result was that the French invented the idea of conscription. Which had not even existed in the religious wars of the 17th century. Because now the people were fighting for themselves, and no longer for their king.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=772.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTherefore, for example, also, you had a Reign of Terror within France to stamp out ideological opposition. Something again, that no king by divine right, will ever have dreamt of doing or have been able to find subjects willing to do for him. But the net result of that was that the democratization of politics paradoxically increased the claims that the state could make on it's citizens.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=805.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I think it is important to understand that in terms of the modern period. That totalitarians states of the modern period are not descendants of the divine right of kings. They are the descendants of Robespierre and the extremists of the French Revolution. They are aberrations of democracy. They claim to rule in the name of the people.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=840.0,869.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt any rate, what this did for the first time in European history, was to increase the amount of the national effort, and of the national product that could be devoted to the national effort. And therefore, as a result of its domestic changes, France became, by far, the most powerful country in Europe.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=869.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd even though all of Europe united against the French Revolution, they did so with their mercenary armies, with their limited objectives, with the absence of any national ideology. As I told you an earlier seminar, in 18th century Europe it was not considered at all treasonable for a man to be Foreign Minister of two different countries.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=896.0,933.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOf going from one country and then going to another country and act for it. Because when you didn't have a nation, in Europe you had a state before you had a nation. And that created a totally new, at any rate, these armies were no match for the French armies which had ideology.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=933.0,962.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMuch larger numbers, even though the total numbers of the population were unfavorable. Again, you can see parallels in the modern period between states that are willing to reward a greater percentage of their national product. Now, they first started defeating the armies of the traditional states that invaded France, who restored the king.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=962.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen Napoleon overthrew the revolution and established the first semi-totalitarian state. I mean, nothing by modern standards, but structurally, he is the forerunner of the modern totalitarian. And he simply wrecked the existing balance of power in Europe because he had a more effective army and he did not follow the existing rules.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=993.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn 18th-century Europe, when you lost a battle, you made peace. And since the objectives were limited, you made whatever marginal adjustment there needed to be made. And these European rulers could not conceptually deal with an aggressor, in the modern sense, with an expansionist country, that did not accept the principle of permanent peace, in which a war was an interruption.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1027.0,1069.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd so he defeated one country after another, usually because they quit after one battle, installed his relatives as kings, instead of the traditional king. But got himself into a position where, He knew he was not considered legitimate, by the standards of the 18th century. And he, therefore, got himself on the treadmill that I've described earlier.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1069.0,1106.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWith all of his victories, if you read the literature of Napoleon, he felt insecure, because he could be secure only if, He could feel secure only if he had hegemony. So he fought one war after another against enemies already defeated, constantly attempting to whittle them down, marrying the daughter of the Emperor of Austria in order to gain much more legitimacy, and finally got into Russia.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1106.0,1160.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAgain, this is a crude account of the history, but I'm just concerned here with its structural preface. And in Russia, for the first time, he came up against, first, a national state. And secondly, against a ruler who wouldn't quit after a lost battle, which now was beyond Napoleon's understanding.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1160.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo he kept pursuing the Russian Army, trying to get a battle to defeat them, and expecting an emissary to settle with it. And that emissary never came. And so eventually, he was defeated in Russia. His basic problem was that, while he had power, he had no legitimacy. And therefore, for he got himself driven on a course which was beyond France’s resources.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1187.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf he had never attacked Russia, I don’t see what could have overthrown him. Maybe in 30 years, something could have had happened to overthrow him. But there was no force in Europe capable of overthrowing him, that was left. At any rate, his collapse then created a new problem for the victor, Which is what is interesting now.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1230.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe first problem was the domestic arrangement of states. Now, first of all, what you do with France? The very first problem was what do you do with France? It had occupied Europe for 25 years, it had started one war after another. It had terrified Europe. And in making a peace, the leaders who have that responsibility always, Have to ask themselves whether they want to look to the past or look to the future.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1268.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf they look to the past, they will try to get retribution for the suffering of the war. If they look to the future, they have to ask themselves what penalties you can inflict on a country, if you do want to penalize it, without driving it into such permanent opposition that it becomes an inherently revolutionary power?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1312.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOr, whether you can afford, totally, to destroy a country, in which case, you, by that very fact, alter the balance of power enormously. For example, as I will explain in a later discussion, the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, penalized Germany without destroying it, made it a permanently dissatisfied country.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1342.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd therefore, forced all international arrangements to be made to hold down Germany, which went beyond the capacity of the countries concerned. At the end of World War II, they wanted to avoid that mistake. So they totally destroyed Germany and Japan. It created a vacuum, which created a new balance of power, and a new aggressive threat.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1376.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe temptation during a war is to think that there's only one threat to the peace, which is whoever the enemy is you are then fighting. Every once in a while, statesmen come along who understand that the country that is defeated is bound to lose in strength, and that if you change the relation of forces too much, your own ally can become the greatest threat.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1409.0,1441.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTo the peace whether he intended to do so or not this [INAUDIBLE]\nthis was the problem that they face in 1815, in 1918 and we face in 1945. And even absent ideology, a hostile ideology. If you create a power vacuum, somebody's gonna fill it, it's not gonna sit there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1441.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow all I want to say about the settlement of 1815 is that it had these elements. First through a combination of intricate diplomacy that it's not important to discuss now. But the redistributed reading [INAUDIBLE] And if you are interested we can suggest readings to you. But how it got there, it's really I mean, we can, why don't we next time?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1477.0,1518.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI will next time I will give you a reading list of essays or articles about this. The first thing is that France was made a full partner in the international System. It lost some of the territories it had conquered during the war. But it was reduced to what are called the ancient frontiers.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1518.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat is to say the frontiers that it had before the French Revolution started. It lost everything that it had acquired after the French. But it did not lose any territories that have been considered historically stretch. And it emerged as a full partner in all subsequent negotiations. And so France became integrated very rapidly in the international assisted.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1542.0,1574.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSecondly, there was created a balance, secondly, during the conduct of the final phase of the war, especially the Austrians. Which you can see here on this map, maneuvered in such a way that Russia did not get into the center of Europe. And did not acquire substantial possession in the center of student.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1574.0,1605.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere was then organized a political assisted which probably from the point of view of the piece of Europe was the best that has existed there. That is to say German, which remained divided in the states was formed into something called the German Confederation. Which was a kind of defensive alliance against attack from Eastern part.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1605.0,1639.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGermany was strong enough to defend itself, but divided enough so that it could not get enough collision in it's policy to launch progressive war. And Italy was divided, although Italy was not a major disturbing factor. So if France wanted to expand, it would have faced a united Germany or Russia.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1639.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut if they didn't want to expand, they did not have to fear an attack from these 33 different states. That could only agree on their common defence. In that sense it had some of the attributes of contemporary NATO. If NATO can ever agree on anything today it would be a physical attack across the Elbe river.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1669.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut there's almost nothing else that it is institutionally able to agree to, certainly nothing of a positive nature. And so you had that balance of power. And fourth, you can no longer say agreement on legitamy. See, you had an imposition of an agreed legitimacy. That is to say, if nationalism was going to spread across Europe, then you would have a united Germany, a united Italy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1693.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd you would therefore have a destruction of the state system as it existed. Therefore, and if you have liberalism spread across Europe, liberalism in the 19th Century sense, mainly democratic institutions. Then most of the states in continental Europe would change. So this is, was the intellectual basis of what was called The Holy Alliance, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1738.0,1780.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8523/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nUntil 1830 any United to put down any revolution that wanted to break into power democratic institutions. Now this was morally not super elevated. On the other hand\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1780.0,1817.31263"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0991_0001_caption.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Today-\n\u003e\u003e 1 for 18 50.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=18.221,19.626"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e You're doing, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=19.626,20.726"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, I'm going to begin a discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=20.726,26.642"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of various case histories\nin international diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=26.642,35.006"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I said to you earlier, the purpose is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=35.006,39.971"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to teach history which is probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=39.971,44.788"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advertised, but to history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=45.842,50.821"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=50.821,56.018"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to develop some sense of the kinds\nof issues that are more or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=56.018,63.012"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less permanent in foreign policy and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=63.012,67.439"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those that are novel to our period, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=67.439,72.149"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how some of the theoretical considerations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=72.149,77.434"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I raised in our previous seminars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=77.434,82.003"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have applied in concrete instances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=82.003,86.616"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And basically,\nwhat I want to do in the next two or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=86.616,91.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three sessions is to go from\n1815 to the contemporary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=91.7,97.652"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period in terms of some principles\nof international politics and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=97.652,104.473"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then for the rest of the term goes through\nspecific aspects of recent history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=104.473,112.673"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The purpose of the next session are to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=112.673,115.596"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is to do a rough sketch\nof how we got there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=119.254,124.609"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason I start at 1815 is because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=124.609,129.833"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was one of the few\ntimes in which statesmen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=129.833,135.518"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explicitly had to address the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=135.518,140.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how to construct\nan international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=140.59,146.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to happen every 100 or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=146.6,150.561"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"150 years that what exists\nhas disintegrated and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=150.561,156.786"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the new international\nborder has to be created.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=156.786,162.597"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I've indicated\nin previous sessions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=162.597,166.242"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every international border\nfaces a number of problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=166.242,170.733"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, it faces the problem\nof equilibrium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=170.733,178.853"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do the components of the international\nsystem feel sufficiently secure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=178.853,186.141"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they do not feel\nthe compulsion to adjust the security","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=186.141,192.041"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrangements to the fundamental\ndisadvantage of their neighbors or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=192.041,198.751"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do the other states and\nthat's a difficult problem, because.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=198.751,205.016"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no such thing\nas absolute security,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=207.776,212.327"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"short of the impudence of everybody else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=212.327,216.654"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Absolute security for one state must mean\nabsolute insecurity for every other sect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=216.654,225.155"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, the problem in\nconstructing an international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=225.155,232.098"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system is to make arrangements\nIn which all the major","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=232.098,237.862"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actors are satisfied with\nrelative security and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=237.862,243.233"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore are prepared to\naccept a degree of 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unacceptable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=313.008,318.344"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if in fact,\nyou can create a balance of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=318.344,323.616"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power that makes it difficult\nto overthrow the 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or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=346.869,351.625"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, the structure will just collapse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=351.625,355.927"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you do not have a balance of power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=358.734,361.96"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then even if the arrangements\nhave been accepted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=365.068,370.004"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country that feels itself vastly\nsuperior will attempt to alter them and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=370.004,377.351"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have seen this in the last few\nweeks on the Iran, Iraq situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=377.351,383.918"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an agreement that\nworked reasonably well as to 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temptation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=394.072,398.945"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to revive claim that it\nhad voluntary abandoned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=398.945,403.229"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, same 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too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=425.684,431.012"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will have a revolutionary\ntype situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=431.012,435.575"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let me apply these principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=435.575,440.508"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning in 1815, because it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=440.508,445.794"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is important to understand how we 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1914.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=456.717,461.671"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem faced in\n1815 was roughly this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=461.671,469.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 18th century,\nall governments in Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=471.48,476.25"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were Based on the divine right of kings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=477.45,484.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is they were evolutions\nfrom feudal societies in 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end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=502.994,511.375"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The kings governed by\nthe claim to divine right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=511.375,515.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mention this similarity of domestic\nstructure to emphasize that therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=516.9,522.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no country in Europe that\nfelt that its domestic structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=522.8,527.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was incompatible with the domestic\nstructure of anyone else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=527.77,530.479"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, while in our literature rulers\nby divine right are considered oppressive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=532.09,539.41"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was against them that\nthe revolutions of the late 18th","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=540.86,545.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"century were directed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=545.6,549.775"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They, That is a complicated issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=549.775,556.894"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were authoritarian, and undemocratic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=559.444,562.87"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they were not able to govern the way\nmodern totalitarian states govern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=564.3,569.84"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rulers by divine right,\nwere severely limited by custom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=571.11,577.216"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example,\nno king by divine right in 18th","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=577.216,581.337"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"century Europe could have\ncollected income taxes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=581.337,586.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No ruler by divine right\nin the 18th 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rulers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=604.972,610.977"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieve continuity for their dynasty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=610.977,616.094"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which meant that, in practice,\nthey had to limit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=616.094,621.198"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the exactions they could\nmake of their subjects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=621.198,626.31"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a result, while there were\nmany wars in the 18th 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=651.848,656.941"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the populations, relatively minor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=656.941,661.82"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not talking about the 18th 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paradoxically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=748.84,753.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Based on the principle of Rousseau,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=759.008,762.471"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was that a people could\nnot oppress itself, 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conscription.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=784.492,790.82"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which had not even existed in\nthe religious wars of the 17th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=792.675,796.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because now the people were fighting for\nthemselves, and no longer for their king.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=797.59,801.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, for example, also,\nyou had a Reign of Terror","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=805.774,810.416"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within France to stamp out\nideological 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kings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=850.063,855.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are the descendants\nof Robespierre and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=856.27,858.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the extremists of the French Revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=858.69,861.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are aberrations of democracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=862.41,864.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They claim to rule in\nthe name of the people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=864.7,866.869"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At any rate, what this did for\nthe first time in European history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=869.56,874.974"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to increase the amount\nof the national effort, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=874.974,879.421"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the national product that could\nbe devoted to the national effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=879.421,885.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore,\nas a result of its domestic changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=886.19,890.24"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France became, by far,\nthe most powerful country in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=890.24,893.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even though all of Europe united\nagainst the French Revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=896.828,903.631"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they did so with their mercenary armies,\nwith their limited objectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=903.631,911.018"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the absence of any national ideology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=911.018,915.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I told you an earlier seminar,\nin 18th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=915.37,920.939"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe it was not considered\nat all treasonable 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=933.83,938.398"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because when you didn't have a nation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=938.398,941.311"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Europe you had a state\nbefore you had a nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=941.311,944.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that created a totally new,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=947.51,951.398"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at any rate,\nthese armies were no match 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numbers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=962.814,964.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though the total numbers of\nthe population were unfavorable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=964.06,967.805"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, you can see parallels in the modern\nperiod between states that are willing to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=969.46,973.939"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reward a greater percentage\nof their national product.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=973.939,976.977"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, they first started defeating\nthe armies of the traditional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=982.789,988.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"states that invaded France,\nwho restored the king.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=988.49,993.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then Napoleon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=993.17,995.54"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overthrew the revolution and established\nthe first semi-totalitarian state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=997.66,1002.595"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, nothing by modern standards,\nbut structurally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1002.595,1006.558"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he is the forerunner of\nthe modern totalitarian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1006.558,1009.898"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he simply wrecked\nthe existing balance of power in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1013.069,1017.977"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe because he had\na more effective army and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1017.977,1022.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he did not follow the existing rules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1022.23,1025.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 18th-century Europe,\nwhen you lost a battle, you made peace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1027.2,1033.109"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since the objectives were limited,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1038.078,1040.507"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you made whatever marginal\nadjustment there needed to be made.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1040.507,1044.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these European rulers could\nnot conceptually deal 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principle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1057.03,1062.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of permanent peace,\nin which a war was an interruption.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1062.56,1067.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so\nhe defeated one country after another,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1069.54,1072.51"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually because they quit after\none battle, installed his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1075.11,1080.535"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives as kings,\ninstead of the traditional king.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1080.535,1085.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But got himself into a position where,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1087.17,1089.825"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He knew he was not considered legitimate,\nby the standards of the 18th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1093.132,1099.39"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he, therefore, got himself on\nthe treadmill that I've described earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1100.83,1104.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With all of his victories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1106.17,1111.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you read the literature of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1111.2,1116.449"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Napoleon, he felt insecure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1116.449,1122.135"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he could be secure only if,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1122.135,1128.708"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He could feel secure\nonly if he had hegemony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1134.116,1140.421"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he fought one war after another\nagainst enemies already defeated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1140.421,1145.896"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constantly attempting\nto whittle them down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1145.896,1149.516"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marrying the daughter of the Emperor\nof Austria in order to gain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1149.516,1154.433"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more legitimacy, and\nfinally got into Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1154.433,1158.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this is a crude\naccount of the history, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1160.97,1165.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just concerned here with\nits structural preface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1165.73,1168.541"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in Russia, for the first time, he\ncame up against, first, a national state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1170.04,1175.92"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly, against a ruler who\nwouldn't quit after a lost battle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1177.46,1181.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which now was beyond\nNapoleon's understanding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1183.04,1185.639"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he kept pursuing the Russian Army,\ntrying to get a battle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1187.6,1192.664"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to defeat them, and\nexpecting an emissary to settle with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1192.664,1197.952"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that emissary never came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1202.545,1205.099"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so eventually,\nhe was defeated in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1205.099,1211.533"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His basic problem was that,\nwhile he had power, he had no legitimacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1216.126,1222.424"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1222.424,1224.125"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he got himself driven on a course\nwhich was beyond France’s resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1224.125,1230.24"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If he had never attacked Russia, I don’t\nsee what could have overthrown him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1230.24,1238.12"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe in 30 years, something could\nhave had happened to overthrow him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1238.12,1241.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there was no force in Europe capable\nof overthrowing him, that was left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1241.35,1249.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At any rate, his collapse then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1251.33,1255.334"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"created a new problem for the victor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1255.334,1260.267"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is what is interesting now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1264.716,1268.197"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first problem was the domestic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1268.197,1274.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrangement of states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1274.06,1278.312"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, first of all,\nwhat you do with France?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1278.312,1280.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very first problem was\nwhat do you do with France?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1282.06,1285.144"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had occupied Europe for 25 years,\nit had started one war after another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1285.144,1289.966"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had terrified Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1289.966,1291.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in making a peace, the leaders\nwho have that responsibility always,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1293.39,1300.944"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have to ask themselves whether they want\nto look to the past or look to the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1304.644,1310.89"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they look to the past,\nthey will try to get retribution for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1312.59,1316.175"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the suffering of the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1316.175,1318.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they look to the future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1319.98,1322.12"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to ask themselves what\npenalties you can inflict on a country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1322.12,1327.798"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you do want to penalize it,\nwithout driving it into such permanent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1327.798,1333.196"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposition that it becomes\nan inherently revolutionary power?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1333.196,1338.341"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or, whether you can afford, totally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1342.722,1346.555"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to destroy a country, in which case, you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1346.555,1350.725"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by that very fact,\nalter the balance of power enormously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1350.725,1356.386"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example,\nas I will explain in a later discussion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1359.039,1363.659"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Treaty of Versailles,\nwhich ended World War I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1363.659,1368.078"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"penalized Germany without destroying it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1368.078,1371.795"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made it a permanently\ndissatisfied country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1371.795,1375.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, forced all international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1376.93,1380.847"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrangements to be made\nto hold down Germany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1380.847,1385.088"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which went beyond the capacity\nof the countries concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1385.088,1390.65"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end of World War II,\nthey wanted to avoid that mistake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1390.65,1394.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they totally destroyed Germany and\nJapan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1394.3,1400.372"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It created a vacuum,\nwhich created a new balance of power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1400.372,1405.483"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a new aggressive threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1405.483,1408.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The temptation during a war is to think\nthat there's only one threat to the peace,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1409.61,1414.658"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is whoever the enemy\nis you are then fighting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1414.658,1417.895"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every once in a while,\nstatesmen come along who understand that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1420.514,1426.518"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country that is defeated\nis bound to lose in strength,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1426.518,1431.965"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that if you change\nthe relation of forces too much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1431.965,1437.077"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your own ally can become\nthe greatest threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1437.077,1441.413"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the peace whether he intended to do so\nor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1441.413,1445.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not this [INAUDIBLE]\nthis was the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1445.69,1451.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they face in 1815,\nin 1918 and we face in 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1453.06,1458.89"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even absent ideology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1458.89,1463.278"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hostile ideology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1463.278,1466.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you create a power vacuum, somebody's\ngonna fill it, it's not gonna sit there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1467.86,1474.436"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now all I want to say about the settlement\nof 1815 is that it had these elements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1477.407,1486.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First through a combination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1486.32,1490.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of intricate diplomacy that it's\nnot important to discuss now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1490.5,1495.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the redistributed\nreading [INAUDIBLE] And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1496.86,1503.612"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you are interested we can\nsuggest readings to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1503.612,1511.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But how it got there, it's really I mean,\nwe can, why don't we next time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1511.62,1518.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will next time I will give you a reading\nlist of essays or articles about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1518.79,1525.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first thing is that France was made a\nfull partner in the international System.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1526.946,1533.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It lost some of the territories\nit had conquered during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1535.16,1538.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was reduced to what\nare called the ancient frontiers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1539.76,1542.95"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say the frontiers that it had\nbefore the French Revolution started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1542.95,1550.27"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It lost everything that it had\nacquired after the French.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1550.27,1554.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it did not lose any territories that\nhave been considered historically stretch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1554.05,1561.78"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it emerged as a full partner\nin all subsequent negotiations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1563.51,1568.46"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so France became integrated very\nrapidly in the international assisted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1568.46,1574.84"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, there was created a balance,\nsecondly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1574.84,1580.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the conduct of the final phase\nof the war, especially the Austrians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1580.88,1587.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which you can see here on this map,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1587.37,1590.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maneuvered in such a way that Russia\ndid not get into the center of Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1591.17,1597.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And did not acquire substantial\npossession in the center of student.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1597.1,1605.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was then organized\na political assisted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1605.72,1610.665"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which probably from the point of\nview of the piece of Europe was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1612.325,1615.075"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the best that has existed there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1615.075,1616.715"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say German,\nwhich remained divided in the states","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1621.141,1626.271"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was formed into something called\nthe German Confederation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1626.271,1630.955"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which was a kind of defensive alliance\nagainst attack from Eastern part.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1632.21,1637.43"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany was strong enough to defend\nitself, but divided enough so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1639.05,1645.07"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it could not get enough collision in\nit's policy to launch progressive war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1645.07,1651.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Italy was divided, although Italy\nwas not a major disturbing factor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1654.482,1661.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if France wanted to expand, it would\nhave faced a united Germany or Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1662.26,1667.82"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if they didn't want to expand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1669.15,1671.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they did not have to fear an attack\nfrom these 33 different states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1671.4,1675.78"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That could only agree on\ntheir common defence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1676.88,1680.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that sense it had some of\nthe attributes of contemporary NATO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1681.04,1685.89"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If NATO can ever agree on anything\ntoday it would be a physical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1685.89,1690.92"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attack across the Elbe river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1690.92,1692.51"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's almost nothing else that\nit is institutionally able to agree to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1693.82,1699.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly nothing of a positive nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1699.56,1703.384"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so you had that balance of power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1706.628,1710.43"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fourth, you can no longer\nsay agreement on legitamy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1710.43,1717.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See, you had an imposition\nof an agreed legitimacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1717.4,1723.13"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say, if nationalism was\ngoing to spread across Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1723.13,1730.08"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you would have a united Germany,\na united Italy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1731.79,1736.059"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you would therefore have a destruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1738.73,1743.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the state system as it existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1744.82,1748.059"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, and if you have\nliberalism spread across Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1749.768,1753.626"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberalism in the 19th Century sense,\nmainly democratic institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1753.626,1758.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then most of the states in\ncontinental Europe would change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1760.01,1763.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is, was the intellectual basis\nof what was called The Holy Alliance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1767.842,1775.921"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1775.921,1780.549"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until 1830 any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1780.549,1784.551"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United to put down any\nrevolution that wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1786.33,1790.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"break into power democratic institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1790.62,1795.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this was morally not super elevated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1795.64,1798.349"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591#t=1799.99,1801.766"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73591/transcript/8524","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\u003e\u003e It is addressed to\n\u003e\u003e Wait a second,\n\u003e\u003e Okay.\n\u003e\u003e Christie, Wait one second, stop recording. [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e Christie? Stop talking.\n\u003e\u003e Start talking, Jerry.\n\u003e\u003e Okay, the letter should be on Dr. stationary. It is addressed to Thomas C., as in Charlie. Kupferer, spelling, K-U-P-F-E-R-E-R. Want to spell that back?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=3.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Pardon?\n\u003e\u003e Are you recording?\n\u003e\u003e Yeah I'm recording it.\n\u003e\u003e Okay. That's K-U-P-F-E-R-E-R, Kupferer, okay, chief comma Enforcement Operations. Room 268, 1 Tysons Corner Center. And that there were no philosophical challenges to the balance of power, but I'm not now attaching moral judgments. I'm just trying to describe what the system was like.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=49.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow this system was then. Beginning to be overthrown in 1848 when national liberal revolutions challenged a number of the monarchies in. Europe. And most of those revolutions failed. Until that time, it had been assumed that nationalism and liberalism were identical. Till that time, it had also been assumed that democratic institutions were necessary to form a national state.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=94.0,149.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd until that time, it had also been assumed that. The Vienna settlement, that the 1815 settlement. Would be overthrown if at all by democratic ideology. And that you needed both legitimacy and balance of power. Then there emerged the first really modern statesman, which was the German, the first Prussian minister-president and then German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=149.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHis Contribution to statesmanship was to assert, That it was not correct to assume that you needed ideological conformity. Among states. He argued that the national interest of states was, he didn't use that word but in effect was, scientifically determinitable. And that reasonable people would come to the same conclusion about what the national interest was.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=206.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd therefore you could conduct foreign policy entirely on the basis of the calculation of the national interest. Therefore entirely on the basis of the principle of the balance of power without any consideration for the principles of legitimacy. The only state in Europe in which the revolution of 1848 succeeded In apparently overthrowing the traditional monarchies was France.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=253.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd where there emerged then another emperor Napoleon, Napoleon the third. Whose relationship to Napoleon the First was extremely complicated. He was not in the direct line, he was some sort of a nephew, but it was a weird geneology, at any rate he claimed descendant from Napoleon the First.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=294.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd with the result that he was ostracized by all the other European states. And one of the scenes that Bismarck kept developing was, that as far as Prussia was concerned, it didn't make any difference who goverend in France. The only thing that matter was whether they could work out compatible policies which was a revolutionary idea.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=325.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe second theory he developed was even more astonishing for that period, which was. Whatever unity existed in Germany had derived from the Holy Roman Empire of the medieval period. The Holy Roman Emperor had always been a Hapsburg ruling from Vienna. In 1848 when the German revolutionaries, the liberal revolutionaries, wanted to create a German national state, they were so enthralled by this history, that they felt obliged to offer the crown to the Emperor of Austria who rejected it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=364.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBismarck developed the theory which is of fundamental importance for our period, that nationalism and liberalism could be split. That it was possible to develop a national policy without being democratic. And then in fact you could mobilize national energies on the basis of the national state. Against democratic institution.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=416.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd indeed, if you did it successfully, you could use universal suffrage to prevent real democracy from being developed. The way it had been conceived in the late 18th century. This was an absolutely revolutionary concept at that period. And so, he said about unifying Germany, not on the basis of democratic principles.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=452.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPrinciples, not even on the basis of nationalism, but on the basis of the military predominance of Prussia. And he threw Austria out of Germany, which was unthinkable 15 years previously. When one other thing that happened in 1848 was when some of the liberals went to the Prussian king and offered him to be emperor of Germany.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=484.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe turned it down, saying that the honor belonged to Austria. In a series of three wars, very quick wars, Bismarck evicted Austria from Germany. And unified Germany on the basis of the Prussian state. And created the German nation, that was not based, built on liberal institutions. And then was the first man to introduce universal suffrage in Europe.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=511.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut used universal suffrage to support nationalism, rather than the other way around. Now I don't want to go into the German domestic structure. I want to talk about something about the structural consequences of what you have done. If you look at the map of Europe in 1850, and you see these foundries of the German Confederation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=546.0,577.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou will see that the German Confederation was an absolutely weird structure. You will see that Prussia was hardly in the German Confederation and partly out of the German Confederation. Austria was partly in the German Confederation and partly out of the German Confederation. And therefore you had this situation from the point of view, the balance of power where, Since we're sufficiently disorganized, so that offensive wars from the center of Europe became next to impossible.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=577.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd where every component had some interests inside, some interests outside. Now Bismark, if you look at the map of 1914, rationalized this. Suddenly there weren't any more 33 states in this, in Germany and then the same thing that happened in Italy. But Italy did not become a major factor.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=613.0,643.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSuddenly there were no longer 33 states in the center of Europe, there was one state, that had defeated in three wars. First Austria, first Denmark, which was no great achievement. Then Austria, and then France. They had to defeat Austria to push it out of Germany. Now automatically, the number of players in Europe was reduced to five.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=643.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBritain, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Russia. And Italy by courtesy, but not as a major actor. Now this, this had a number of profound consequences for the contemporary period. Was first of all the principles with the international system came to be based entirely on assessments of the balance of power.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=675.0,716.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere was no ideological uniformity anymore. Now to the great credit of Bismark, one has to say that he was as moderate in his use of power as he was consistent of the fact that it was the only criteria. But, it created a structure that almost organically had to lead to World War I, And for the following reasons, now that Germany was one state, and no longer a country of 33 states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=716.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt naturally wanted to be able to defend itself against potential enemies. Now, Germany had made the great mistake at the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 of annexing Alsace-Lorraine. About which Bismark said later, we achieved more than we thought desirable. By annexing Alsace-Lorraine, France became a permanent enemy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=756.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFrance was simply waiting for an opportunity to get those two provinces back. Therefore all France needed was one other ally in Europe and Germany faced a two front situation. And therefore the flexibility of the diplomacy was inhibited. Now for a long period, Bismark managed to maneuver by keeping good relations with both Russia and Austria, and keeping France isolated.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=789.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut, He had taken on an assignment beyond, The normal capacity of state, because it turned out that power is not the easiest but the most difficult thing to calculate correctly. And just as Napoleon was successful as long as he was the only one playing his game. So Bismarck was most successful as long as he was the only one playing the power game.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=825.0,854.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the others had varied kinds of restraint on him that inherently, if you look at the map you'll see. Russia and Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire were bound to be in conflict with each other about the. Germany could not forever be on good terms with both Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=854.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTherefore, sooner or later France was gonna find an ally. Which it found in Russia, eventually. Aided by the fact that when Bismark was forced out of office in 1890. His successor immediately said he could keep five balls up in the air, I'll be lucky if I keep two.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=883.0,915.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd so he broke off, he thought it was immoral to be on good terms with both Austria and Russia. Which it was, in a way, true, and in order to be reliable, he cancelled the arrangements with Russia. A few years later, Russia and France began to move towards each other.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=915.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWell, now, the problem was that Germany would have to defend itself in a two pronged war against both France and Russia. But a Germany that was strong enough to defend itself against both France and Russia, would also be strong enough to defeat each of them singly. Thereby creating a vicious circle.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=936.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAs Germany became more and more fearful of the alliance against it, it had to create military forces that would threaten each of them individually. And therefore drive them even more towards each other. So both of the opponents in the war were beginning to live in a series of self-fulfilling prophecies.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=966.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd, One can see it in the evolution of German war planning. I mentioned Germany because the idea has been, that richest German aggressive states is what caused World War I. This is not true, the Germans probably did not want World War I. But it is true that German actions produced World War I against the wishes of its statesmen, which is a much worse situation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1005.0,1043.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOn the particular issues, the Germans, as I'll discuss next time, had no particular reason to go to war in August 1914. And no particular intention to go to war in August 1914. But the European state system as it developed was bound to produce an explosion. If not in 1914, then some other time, why?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1043.0,1069.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis is why German war planning is important. The Germans started out by saying there was the so-called nightmare of coalition. What happens if Russia and France go to war against us simultaneously? And the first planning, while Bismark mark was still in office, was that Germany would go on the defensive of both fronst and look for another team opportunity to defeat the opponent.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1069.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhich happened to be the correct status but then they got rationalistic and said, if we're on the defensive, how do we know what they're going to do? We have to knock-out one of them, before the other one is ready, and then turn on the other. Unfortunately, the Russian army would take four weeks to mobilize, so they probably wouldn't be there to be defeated.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1097.0,1127.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTherefore, the whole German war plan was based on the assumption that if there was a war, they would knock out France quickly, and then throw their whole weight against Russia. But then this raised the question, what if France doesn't declare war? What if there is a war with Russia that France doesn't join?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1127.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhat happens to our plan? All our mobilization is towards France. The Germans therefore decided that if there was a war in the East, that France didn't join, they would demand that France let them occupy some of their defensive positions. In other words, force France into war. So what had started out as, what if we face a two front war, what do we there?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1151.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHad become by 1900, what if we don't face a two front war? The nightmare of coalitions had become the nightmare that there might not be a coalition. And so the system had been built into something which organically had to produce a general European war, no matter what the issue was.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1186.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd in turn the mechanics of military operations to such, that the Russians not fully understanding what the Germans were thinking, also in their war planning had planned for full mobilization. Therefore, supposing the most probable event occurred, that Russia would get into a conflict with Austria, which is in fact what happened, over something trivial, relatively trivial in the Balkans.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1211.0,1253.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRussia would then mobilize, trying to have an impact on Austria. But if they mobilize, Germany would lose its four weeks head start against the French. So the minute Russia mobilized what was Germany going to do? Declare war on France, so this is, I'm not sure the Russians understood this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1253.0,1280.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn fact the Russians, World War I broke out in part, and I'll get into that next week. World War I broke out in part because the Russians tried to mobilize against Austria realized they couldn't mobilize against Austria without also mobilizing against Germany. The minute Russia mobilized the Germans had to go to war against France, as well as against Russia because they could not permit the Russians to build a large army on their border.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1280.0,1311.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow, at least three lessons to learn from this. The one is, the international system that has some consensus on what is a just arrangement and what are just structures is very, very difficult to manipulate. Secondly, the balance of power is not so self-evident and it is the most difficult system to manage partly because it can be managed only with extreme moderation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1311.0,1344.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd to be moderate for a statesman, especially in democratic society is extremely difficult because it means that you will not do things which your opponents can argue you might be capable of doing. And therefore, the tendency is not to be restrained Sir. It is often said arms races cause war.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1344.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt is very hard to find in history an example where an arms race caused a war. In fact, I can't think of one. What caused World War I was not the arms race, but the perception of the balance of power and the mobilization schedules. Which suddenly locked the leaders into a automaticity from which they couldn't escape.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1377.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWorld War I broke out, and I'll begin there next time. World War I broke out after an Austrian Archduke was assassinated through a series of comic opera mishaps, in which the assassin missed when he tried for it and killed the chauffeur of the Austrian Archduke. The Archduke went to where he was supposed to go and then wanted to visit one of the people that had been wounded in the first attack on him.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1408.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDrove. To the hospital. His driver took a wrong turn and found himself at the cafe of the, where the assassin who had failed the first time was drowning his sorrow. And suddenly, his victim is there again, the second time, he shot him. He killed him as he was trying to back out of the wrong street, it was ridiculous.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1444.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e After that assassination, everybody went on vacation in Europe. Nobody thought they were going to war. The German emperor disappeared into the Norwegian vineyards for a few weeks. The French president went on a boat to what was then St. Petersburg. Everybody was on vacation except, unfortunately, the Austrians.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1471.0,1494.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnyway, my point is, there was no need for a war at that time. There was no inherent reason to go to war, nobody expected a war. And they got themselves locked into mobilization. Now, therefore, it shows that if the international system becomes too precarious. If it is operating on the basis of the system with respect to which it is difficult to develop a consensus.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1494.0,1526.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd on top of this, it then is semi mechanized in its decision making in each country in such a way that the decisions had to move faster than statesmen can get in touch with each other in other countries. Then you have a high capacity for catastrophe. But the problem is, if there's ever been a war caused by structural causes, it was World War I.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1526.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNobody wanted a war, a big war, everyone was ready for a six-months war. Nobody was dissatisfied with the existing arrangements, particularly. Nobody had any great acquisitive aims. And yet they got into it because, as I said, they couldn't agree on how to assess the various components of the balance.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1561.0,1591.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd because they hadn't understood the technology of their own planet, and because they quite literally lost control over events. It is the unplanned, mindless nature of losing that is its tragedy. World War II was easy from that point of view. There was an evil leader who was trying to take over the world, that's something that's graspable.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1591.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWorld War I could have happened as easily in 1980 or in 1920. In retrospect, nobody understood it at the time. In retrospect, it's perfectly obvious that sooner or later it was gonna happen. It was inherent in the international structure that had been created. Why don't I stop at that point and take a few questions?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1622.0,1648.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then I-\n\u003e\u003e If the situation was so delicate, why did Germany then alienate England?\n\u003e\u003e Well, the Germans, that's a very good question. The Germans' stupidity in the conduct, I mean, the Germans are responsible for World War I because of their. After Bismarck created an international system that could be, that required a genius in every generation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1648.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe essence of the Bismarck system was that Germany would be closer to every other country than they were to each other. So that he attempted to create an insular position in the center of the continent through the dexterity of his diplomacy. Which meant he would not challenge Britain.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1678.0,1702.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nColonies were rammed down his throat, he never built a navy of any size. He made a Reinsurance Treaty with Russia and an alliance with Austria. And then there was no country except France with which he didn't have some sort of an alliance. Which meant that Germany was free to move in whatever direction.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1702.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen he left, his policy was considered immoral by his successors, which in a way it was. And if you want to conduct foreign policy on a power basis, you have to be not immoral and moral. You have to move with the equilibrium. So they cancelled the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia or didn't renew it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1728.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen, they started building a large navy. They would not be content with relative security. If anybody in 1895 had said, or 1900 had said, that it would be possible to get Russia, France, and Britain together in the same structure, it would have been considered mad. France and Britain nearly fought a war in Africa over Fashoda.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1752.0,1786.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut the Germans managed it, as late as 1904, the British offered an alliance to the Germans if the Germans would stop their naval building program. The Germans refused it, so the Germans thought that if they had a large enough navy, they could pose a risk to Britain that would make Britain reluctant to join the European War.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1786.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo the Germans pushed the concept of power to the extreme of self-reliant, which meant that they had to be strong enough to defeat every European country. In some way, the British by the navy, the French and Russians individually thereby, forcing them together. And they did not understand that in a system of equilibrium, you cannot aim for absolute security.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1812.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt was very poor, I mean, the Germans did not have an outstanding statesman between Bismarck and\n\u003e\u003e Yeah?\n\u003e\u003e I was wondering, what role did intelligence gathering [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e What did intelligence gathering play?\n\u003e\u003e Yeah.\n\u003e\u003e Well, you have to remember in Europe before World War. Unless it's [INAUDIBLE]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1843.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8525/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e Well, in Europe prior to World War I, there were no passports needed. There was,\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1872.0,1890.37713"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0991_0002_caption.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is addressed to\n\u003e\u003e Wait a second,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=3.143,6.514"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=6.514,7.014"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Christie, Wait one second,\nstop recording.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=10.76,15.022"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e Christie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=15.022,22.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stop talking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=22.45,23.259"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Start talking, Jerry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=25.842,26.946"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Okay, the letter should be on Dr.\nstationary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=26.946,32.791"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is addressed to Thomas C.,\nas in Charlie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=32.791,38.478"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kupferer, spelling, K-U-P-F-E-R-E-R.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=38.478,44.567"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Want to spell that back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=49.17,49.933"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=49.933,52.046"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Are you recording?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=52.046,53.195"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Yeah I'm recording it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=53.195,54.518"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=54.518,55.685"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's K-U-P-F-E-R-E-R, Kupferer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=55.685,60.634"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay, chief comma Enforcement Operations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=60.634,65.346"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Room 268, 1 Tysons Corner Center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=67.508,73.85"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that there were no philosophical\nchallenges to the balance of power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=78.018,85.249"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm not now attaching moral judgments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=85.249,89.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just trying to describe\nwhat the system was like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=89.77,91.887"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this system was then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=94.6,96.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beginning to be overthrown in 1848","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=99.276,104.476"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when national liberal revolutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=104.476,109.203"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenged a number of the monarchies in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=109.203,114.881"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=118.172,118.679"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most of those revolutions failed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=125.565,128.109"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until that time, it had been assumed that\nnationalism and liberalism were identical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=130.861,137.879"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Till that time, it had also been assumed\nthat democratic institutions were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=140.017,144.707"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"necessary to form a national state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=144.707,146.99"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And until that time,\nit had also been assumed that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=149.496,152.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Vienna settlement,\nthat the 1815 settlement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=159.878,164.973"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would be overthrown if at\nall by democratic ideology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=167.209,173.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that you needed both legitimacy and\nbalance of power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=176.65,183.481"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there emerged the first\nreally modern statesman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=183.481,189.426"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the German,\nthe first Prussian minister-president and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=189.426,196.635"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=196.635,201.33"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His Contribution to\nstatesmanship was to assert,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=206.651,214.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That it was not correct to assume that\nyou needed ideological conformity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=217.184,223.899"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Among states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=227.162,228.032"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He argued that the national\ninterest of states was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=229.833,234.395"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he didn't use that word but in effect was,\nscientifically determinitable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=234.395,241.247"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that reasonable people would\ncome to the same conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=242.691,247.524"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what the national interest was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=247.524,250.66"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore you could\nconduct foreign policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=253.92,258.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entirely on the basis of the calculation\nof the national interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=258.64,263.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore entirely on the basis of\nthe principle of the balance of 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but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=484.98,488.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the basis of the military\npredominance of Prussia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=488.37,492.92"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he threw Austria out of 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institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=531.62,536.81"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then was the first man to introduce\nuniversal suffrage in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=538.13,543.023"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But used universal suffrage\nto support nationalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=546.506,551.528"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than the other way around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=551.528,555.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I don't want to go into\nthe German domestic 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Confederation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=571.49,576.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will see that the German Confederation\nwas an absolutely weird structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=577.46,583.21"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will see that Prussia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=583.21,584.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was hardly in the German Confederation and\npartly out of the German Confederation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=586.47,591.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria was partly in\nthe German Confederation 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air,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=906.3,911.832"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll be lucky if I keep two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=911.832,914.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he broke 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reliable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=922.41,927.393"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he cancelled the arrangements with Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=927.393,931.206"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few years later, Russia and\nFrance began to move towards each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=931.206,936.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, now, the problem was that\nGermany would have to defend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=936.62,941.02"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself in a two pronged war\nagainst both France and Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=942.12,948.288"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a Germany that was strong enough to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=948.288,953.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"defend itself against both France and\nRussia, would also be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=953.15,957.41"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong enough to defeat\neach of them singly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=958.64,963.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thereby creating a vicious circle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=963.35,965.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Germany became more and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=966.945,970.009"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more fearful of the alliance against it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=970.009,974.884"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had to create military\nforces that would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=974.884,979.898"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threaten each of them individually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=979.898,984.372"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore drive them even\nmore towards each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=984.372,991.012"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So both of the opponents\nin the war were beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=991.012,996.074"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to live in a series of\nself-fulfilling prophecies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=996.074,1001.643"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, One can see it in the evolution\nof German war planning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1005.692,1013.621"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned Germany\nbecause the idea has been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1015.545,1023.045"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that richest German aggressive\nstates is what caused World War I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1024.475,1029.26"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not true, the Germans\nprobably did not want World War I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1029.26,1032.89"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it is true that German actions\nproduced World War I against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1034.09,1039.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wishes of its statesmen,\nwhich is a much worse situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1039.16,1043.98"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the particular issues, the Germans,\nas I'll discuss next time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1043.98,1048.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no particular reason to\ngo to war in August 1914.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1048.63,1052.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And no particular intention\nto go to war in August 1914.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1052.17,1056.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the European state\nsystem as it developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1056.58,1059.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was bound to produce an explosion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1060.87,1063.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If not in 1914, then some other time, why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1064.63,1067.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is why German war\nplanning is important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1069.31,1071.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans started out by saying there\nwas the so-called nightmare of coalition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1071.53,1078.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens if Russia and France go\nto war against us simultaneously?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1080.02,1084.39"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the first planning,\nwhile Bismark mark was still in office,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1086.34,1089.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that Germany would go on\nthe defensive of both fronst and look for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1089.1,1093.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another team opportunity\nto defeat the opponent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1093.18,1097.33"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which happened to be the correct status\nbut then they got rationalistic and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1097.33,1103.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, if we're on the defensive,\nhow do we know what they're going to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1103.44,1106.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to knock-out one of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1107.65,1110.714"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the other one is ready,\nand then turn on the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1110.714,1115.902"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, the Russian army\nwould take four weeks to mobilize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1118.51,1123.441"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they probably wouldn't\nbe there to be defeated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1123.441,1127.51"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, the whole German war\nplan was based on the assumption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1127.51,1131.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if there was a war,\nthey would knock out France quickly, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1132.36,1136.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then throw their whole\nweight against Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1136.48,1140.235"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then this raised the question,\nwhat if France doesn't declare war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1141.95,1145.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What if there is a war with\nRussia that France doesn't join?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1146.8,1151.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens to our plan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1151.64,1153.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All our mobilization is towards France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1153.44,1155.623"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans therefore decided that\nif there was a war in the East,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1157.708,1163.132"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that France didn't join,\nthey would demand that France","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1163.132,1167.865"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let them occupy some of\ntheir defensive positions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1167.865,1172.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, force France into war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1174.36,1176.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what had started out as, what if we\nface a two front war, what do we there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1178.06,1184.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had become by 1900,\nwhat if we don't face a two front war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1186.05,1190.91"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The nightmare of coalitions had become\nthe nightmare that there might not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1190.91,1194.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a coalition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1194.18,1194.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the system had been built\ninto something which organically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1196.41,1203.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to produce a general European war,\nno matter what the issue was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1203.71,1207.76"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in turn the mechanics of\nmilitary operations to such,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1211.1,1217.078"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Russians not fully understanding\nwhat the Germans were thinking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1217.078,1225.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also in their war planning had planned for\nfull mobilization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1228.24,1234.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, supposing the most\nprobable event occurred, that Russia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1234.3,1239.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would get into a conflict with Austria,\nwhich is in fact what happened,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1240.75,1246.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over something trivial,\nrelatively trivial in the Balkans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1247.86,1251.34"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia would then mobilize,\ntrying to have an impact on Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1253.53,1259.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if they mobilize,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1261.41,1262.987"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany would lose its four weeks\nhead start against the French.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1262.987,1267.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the minute Russia mobilized\nwhat was Germany going to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1267.56,1271.739"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Declare war on France, so this is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1271.739,1275.443"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure the Russians understood this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1275.443,1280.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact the Russians,\nWorld War I broke out in part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1280.5,1285.654"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll get into that next week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1285.654,1289.063"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I broke out in part because the\nRussians tried to mobilize against Austria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1289.063,1293.974"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized they couldn't mobilize against\nAustria without also mobilizing against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1293.974,1298.958"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1298.958,1299.605"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The minute Russia mobilized the Germans\nhad to go to war against France,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1299.605,1304.166"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as against Russia\nbecause they could not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1304.166,1307.157"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permit the Russians to build\na large army on their border.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1307.157,1311.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at least three lessons\nto learn from this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1311.83,1316.21"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one is, the international system that\nhas some consensus on what is a just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1316.21,1321.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrangement and what are just structures\nis very, very difficult to manipulate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1321.48,1326.54"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, the balance of power is not so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1328.08,1332.584"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self-evident and it is the most difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1332.584,1338.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system to manage partly because it can\nbe managed only with extreme moderation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1338.05,1343.26"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to be moderate for a statesman,\nespecially in democratic society is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1344.93,1349.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely difficult because it means\nthat you will not do things which your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1349.3,1354.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opponents can argue you\nmight be capable of doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1354.32,1359.28"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore,\nthe tendency is not to be restrained Sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1361.35,1369.929"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is often said arms races cause war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1371.759,1375.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is very hard to find in history an\nexample where an arms race caused a war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1377.45,1382.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, I can't think of one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1382.53,1386.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What caused World War I\nwas not the arms race, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1386.14,1391.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the perception of the balance of power and\nthe mobilization schedules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1391.49,1395.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which suddenly locked the leaders into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1397.07,1400.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a automaticity from which\nthey couldn't escape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1400.44,1405.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I broke out, and\nI'll begin there next time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1408.52,1411.76"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I broke out after\nan Austrian Archduke was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1411.76,1416.559"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assassinated through a series\nof comic opera mishaps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1416.559,1421.806"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the assassin missed\nwhen he tried for it and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1421.806,1426.605"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed the chauffeur of\nthe Austrian Archduke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1426.605,1431.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Archduke went to where he was\nsupposed to go and then wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1432.787,1438.202"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visit one of the people that had been\nwounded in the first attack on him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1438.202,1444.247"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Drove.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1444.247,1446.93"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1446.93,1448.283"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His driver took a wrong turn and\nfound himself at the cafe of the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1448.283,1454.007"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the assassin who had failed\nthe first time was drowning his sorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1454.007,1460.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And suddenly, his victim is there again,\nthe second time, he shot him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1460.58,1466.02"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He killed him as he was trying to back out\nof the wrong street, it was ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1466.02,1471.905"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e After that assassination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1471.905,1475.129"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody went on vacation in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1475.129,1477.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody thought they were going to war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1477.49,1479.95"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The German emperor disappeared into\nthe Norwegian vineyards for a few weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1479.95,1483.89"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The French president went on a boat\nto what was then St. Petersburg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1485.15,1489.96"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody was on vacation except,\nunfortunately, the Austrians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1492.15,1494.895"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, my point is,\nthere was no need for a war at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1494.895,1499.91"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no inherent reason to go to war,\nnobody expected a war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1499.91,1504.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they got themselves\nlocked into mobilization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1504.47,1507.774"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, therefore, it shows that if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1507.774,1511.65"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the international system\nbecomes too precarious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1511.65,1517.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it is operating on\nthe basis of the system with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1517.58,1521.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respect to which it is difficult\nto develop a consensus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1521.57,1525.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on top of this, it then is semi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1526.36,1531.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanized in its decision making in each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1531.37,1536.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country in such a way\nthat the decisions had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1536.71,1542.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move faster than statesmen can get in\ntouch with each other in other countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1542.03,1547.93"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have a high capacity for\ncatastrophe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1547.93,1551.783"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the problem is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1554.407,1555.829"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there's ever been a war caused by\nstructural causes, it was World War I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1555.829,1561.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody wanted a war, a big war,\neveryone was ready for a six-months war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1561.22,1566.27"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody was dissatisfied with\nthe existing arrangements, particularly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1568.06,1572.07"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody had any great acquisitive aims.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1573.27,1578.953"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet they got into it because,\nas I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1578.953,1582.969"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they couldn't agree on how to assess\nthe various components of the balance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1582.969,1590.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because they hadn't\nunderstood the technology of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1591.82,1597.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own planet, and because they quite\nliterally lost control over events.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1598.61,1603.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is the unplanned, mindless nature\nof losing that is its tragedy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1605.675,1611.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II was easy\nfrom that point of view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1611.56,1614.018"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an evil leader who was\ntrying to take over the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1614.018,1619.41"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's something that's graspable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1619.41,1621.07"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I could have happened\nas easily in 1980 or in 1920.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1622.904,1629.148"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In retrospect,\nnobody understood it at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1629.148,1632.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In retrospect, it's perfectly obvious\nthat sooner or later it was gonna happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1632.68,1638.147"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was inherent in the international\nstructure that had been created.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1639.972,1644.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why don't I stop at that point and\ntake a few questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1645.55,1648.286"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I-\n\u003e\u003e If the situation was so delicate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1648.286,1652.733"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why did Germany then alienate England?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1652.733,1656.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Well, the Germans,\nthat's a very good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1656.3,1660.29"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans' stupidity in the conduct,\nI mean, the Germans are responsible for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1660.29,1664.97"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I because of their.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1664.97,1668.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After Bismarck created\nan international system that could be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1668.5,1674.602"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that required a genius\nin every generation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1674.602,1678.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The essence of the Bismarck\nsystem was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1678.9,1681.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany would be closer to every other\ncountry than they were to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1681.88,1686.09"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that he attempted to\ncreate an insular position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1688.448,1691.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the center of the continent through\nthe dexterity of his diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1691.79,1695.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which meant he would\nnot challenge Britain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1697.14,1699.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colonies were rammed down his throat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1702.287,1706.435"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he never built a navy of any size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1706.435,1709.96"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He made a Reinsurance Treaty with\nRussia and an alliance with Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1711.64,1715.81"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there was no country\nexcept France with which he didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1715.81,1720.782"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have some sort of an alliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1720.782,1723.184"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which meant that Germany was free\nto move in whatever direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1723.184,1728.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When he left, his policy was\nconsidered immoral by his successors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1728.3,1733.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in a way it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1733.44,1734.51"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you want to conduct\nforeign policy on a power basis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1734.51,1738.26"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to be not immoral and moral.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1738.26,1740.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to move with the equilibrium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1740.59,1743.65"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they cancelled the Reinsurance Treaty\nwith Russia or didn't renew 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and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1768.28,1774.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Britain together in the same structure,\nit would have been considered mad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1774.23,1779.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France and Britain nearly fought\na war in Africa over Fashoda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1779.63,1784.499"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the Germans managed it, as late as\n1904, the British offered an alliance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1786.759,1792.301"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Germans if the Germans would\nstop their naval building program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1792.301,1797.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans refused it, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1801.154,1802.789"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Germans thought that if they had a\nlarge enough navy, they could pose a risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1802.789,1807.478"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Britain that would make Britain\nreluctant to join the European War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1807.478,1812.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the Germans pushed the concept of power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1812.53,1817.19"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extreme of self-reliant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1818.81,1821.21"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which meant that they had to be strong\nenough to defeat every European country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1821.21,1826.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some way, the British by the navy,\nthe French and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1827.5,1831.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians individually thereby,\nforcing them together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1831.15,1834.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they did not understand that\nin a system of equilibrium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1834.49,1839.718"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you cannot aim for absolute security.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1839.718,1843.113"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very poor, I mean,\nthe Germans did not have an outstanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1843.113,1848.102"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statesman between Bismarck and\n\u003e\u003e Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1848.102,1853.149"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e I was wondering,\nwhat role did intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1853.149,1860.057"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gathering [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e What did intelligence gathering play?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1860.057,1865.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Yeah.\n\u003e\u003e Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1865.3,1866.049"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to remember in\nEurope before World War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1866.049,1869.67"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unless it's [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e [INAUDIBLE]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1869.67,1873.52"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Well, in Europe prior to World War I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1873.52,1876.768"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no passports needed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1876.768,1879.618"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592#t=1879.618,1880.144"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17994/file/73592/transcript/8526/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/526/original/transcript_index_158396071220200311-3371-3mu9vm?1583946312","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/526/original/transcript_index_158396071220200311-3371-3mu9vm?1583946312"}]}]}]}