{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1r6n00zz5t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["\"International System,\" Georgetown University lecture, 1980 September 17"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.ms.1981 (EAD ID)","MS 1981  (Call Number)","ms_1981_s07_b0987_0001.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audiocassettes"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1980 September 17 (Creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026amp;e32bf1a7-d5e8-46bc-8afc-6bd14dcfef1a (Other Finding Aid Note)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library."]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/2076773"]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["\"International System,\" Georgetown University lecture, 1980 September 17. Henry A. Kissinger Papers, Part II (MS 1981). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/5211."]}}],"summary":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026e32bf1a7-d5e8-46bc-8afc-6bd14dcfef1a"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20200311-3371-dzrr3b.mpga"]},"duration":3286.46528,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-yalemssa.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/584/original/open-uri20200311-3371-dzrr3b.mpga?1583938802","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3286.46528,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0987_0001_transcript.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\u003e\u003e [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e Yeah, [INAUDIBLE].\n[COUGH] Today, I want to talk in rather abstract terms about the various approaches to international relations.\n\u003e\u003e [COUGH]\n\u003e\u003e And the nature of international order. And then, as I said, next time I meet with you, I'll begin illustrating these principles with various historical episodes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=4.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe point is not to teach you the history of that period, but to try to see what is general in the approach in historical events and what is peculiar to given periods. Because finally, the only experience nations have is history. And without some framework, every problem becomes a special case.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=46.0,82.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen one looks at international affairs, we are used to an international system which is based on the nation state. But the fact of the matter is that if you look at the sweep of history, there have been many types of political organization. And the types of units that compose the international system have not inevitably been nations.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=82.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn fact, the idea of a nation with linguistic and cultural unity is a relatively recent phenomenon. In the ancient period, there were city state. In the Medieval period, there were feudal states. In China today, you have a homogeneous culture. But you have, on the other hand, the people in different parts of the country quite literally do not understand each other.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=119.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd use a common written language, which they pronounce in a manner incomprehensible to each other. So that China is a different kind of organization from the nation state as it developed in Europe during the 19th Century. As late as the end of the 18th Century and the early 19th Century, you had in Europe something like itinerant statesman.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=153.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIndividuals whose profession it was to be political leaders. And the Foreign Minister of Russia, for example, was not a Russian until the middle of the 19th Century. They had a Greek, they had Germans. Baron von Stein was once Foreign Minister of Austria. Another time he was Foreign Minister in, I think, Saxony.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=186.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[LAUGH]\nIdeas here today would be absolutely inconceivable. And what they meant was that loyalty at that time was not defined by national origin but by a system of personal loyalties and political obligations. And nobody would be thought to be a traitor. In as late as 1820, there was a man who had been, forget now whether he was Foreign Minister or Prime Minister of France, who then would up as the governor of a Russian province.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=216.0,265.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhich today would appear absurd to one. And indeed, one of the problems of the contemporary period is that the world is attempting to organize itself as a political system based on the nation state. While, in fact, many of the new states are not nations in the sense that the European states are nations.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=265.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou take Africa. In Africa, the political boundaries were drawn by the imperial countries for the administrative convenience of the colonial powers. And they reflected very often their rivalry among each other of the colonial powers. So it happened that French Africa, for example, with a long coastline. Was split up into, I think, 17 different states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=295.0,335.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEach of which has now become a nation. Belgian Africa, with a very narrow coastline but a very deep hinterland, was governed as one unit, which has now become one nation. Even though the differences in between the different parts of Zaire are hugely different. Another way of putting it is that the European countries were nations before they became states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=335.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn many developing countries, they became states first and have to form a nation afterwards, which is a totally different problem, which I'll get into when we discuss situations like Iran and others later. The point I now want to make is a different one. Fundamental point I want to make is that in analyzing an international system, it is important to understand what the units are that compose it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=372.0,407.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOn what pattern of internal organization they are formed. And to what degree they believe that the internal organization of one is a threat to the other. That determines whether one lives in what I would call a revolutionary period, or a legitimate period. Of course these distinctions cannot be made absolutely, but what I mean is this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=407.0,445.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nA legitimate period is one in which most of the states or units or whatever you wanna call them, most of the entities that conduct international affairs accept the basic structure of the international system. They will still have disputes with each other. They may even go to war with each other.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=445.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut the disputes concern adjustments within a system that everybody accepts, rather than the overthrow of the system. Domestic changes in one country are considered its internal affairs because they are not perceived to affect The security or even the survival of other countries. In native revolutionary international system, you will have a significant number of countries who were one very large countries that does not accept the basic structure of the international system.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=467.0,509.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd or does not accept the basic structure of the internal organization, and when those two come together, then one lives in a nature of tremendous turmoil. Again in Europe in the 17th century, and Europe in the 18th century. And then after the French Revolution for a century in Europe after the demise of Napoleon.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=509.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe European state on the whole accepted each other's existence, they fought innumerable wars against each other but they were about marginal changes, that did not affect the fundamental survival of each state. Wars occurred but they were limited, and peace settlement were relatively easily arrived at. In many other periods, including the 17th century, in the world after World War I, and today there have been nations that did not accept the basic structure of international system.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=544.0,597.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the contemporary world, they also do not accept the legitimacy of the internal arrangement. So that now in the legitimate periods you could bring about a change in the balance of power either by tremendous armament, or by tremendous conquest. Today you can bring about a change in the balance of power through domestic revolution.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=597.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe overthrow of the Shah of Iran for example, fundamentally changed the balance of power in the Middle East and it had nothing to do with what in the 19th century, would have been considered a subject of international relation. In other words in a revolutionary period, a, Domestic and foreign policy tend to merge, and then changes in the global equilibrium can occur entirely through domestic changes, in another country.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=635.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen, foreign policy as it was conceived in more periods, gets a totally, no dimension. So in our period, as I said we live in a Revolutionary period. Secondly, we also live in a period in which for the first time in history, foreign policy has become global. Until, almost the end of World War II, there was no way, one could compare the relative power, or the relative influence of various parts of the world.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=696.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the 18th century for example, there was no way one could compare the role of China, and the role of Europe. Because they have practically no physical ability to interact with each other. In the first part of the 20th century they had the ability to interact, but foreign policy was really European policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=748.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEven we were out of the international game until 1945, which is very hard to remember. We now live for the first time in a global system with rapid means of communication. So, to get it back to a theoretical core, if one wants to understand an international system, One has to analyze first, what are the units that compose the system?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=776.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHow are they organized internally, according to what principles? Third, what is their physical ability to interact with each other. That is to say, what can one nation do to another? And fourth, what do they want to do to each other? If any of these factors change, then one lives in an age of trauma, and that is, again that' a conduct of substantially maybe not today, I won't be that abstract in other lectures, but I thought I want to get some philosophical principles established today.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=823.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen you have a change in the notions of what constitutes, A legitimate organization. Then you have a period of. For example, I think it is safe to say, that colonialism was acceptable for an extended period of time, because in many parts of the world, it was simply that placement of one set of alien rulers, by another set of alien rulers.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=897.0,945.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe idea of nationhood was introduced into many parts of the world by the colonial powers themselves. When the British went into India, there was no unified Indians there, there was a conglomerate of states in constant conflict with each other. And the relatively few Britishers who took over India could never have succeeded if the population had had a national revulsion against them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=945.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the first instance, the British replaced one set of rulers by themselves. They then unified the country, physically, and only then was the idea of their foreigners introduced probably by the Western idea that nations should reflect cultural, linguistic and other unity. And that inevitably, then, produced a conflict.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=979.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd you can trace it, the collapse of the feudal states. The feudal states could operate quite efficiently as long as people believed in them. Until the end of the 18th century, the Austro-Hungarian empire was probably the most modern political organization in Europe. It was the one organization that had solved the problem, to some extent, of the relationship of feudalism, which created little units to the need of organizing larger states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1019.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFifty years later it had become an anachronism, not because it had changed its method of government, but because the idea of nationalism had spread across Europe. And, again, today we live in one of these periods where what is considered acceptable political organization is changing. And all the arguments at the United Nations, for example, about a new economic order really hide an assault on the existing international structure.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1054.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this is in addition to the communist challenge which is directed both at the internal organization and, to some extent, at the international direction. Another change can come about in the physical ability of states to affect each other. When there is a fundamental change of technology, you create a new environment.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1091.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe advent of nuclear power, for example. It has created totally unprecedented conditions for the conduct of international diplomacy. In the past, It was almost impossible for a country to achieve preponderance of strength through its own domestic exertions. When the destructive power of weapons was relatively this small, and when you needed a huge number of them in order to gain a decisive advantage, it was almost always possible to establish some sort of a balance.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1123.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd therefore, in fact, one could achieve dominance only by physical conquests. In the modern period, a non-nuclear country that develops nuclear weapons changes the balance of power in a fundamental way through developments which are entirely within its own sovereign jurisdiction. One of the biggest changes in the post-war period was when we lost our atomic monopoly.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1178.0,1222.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNo amount of conquest that the Soviet Union could have undertaken in Europe could have given them the gain in power that it achieved with the development of nuclear weapons. In the past, such an increase in one country's power at the relative expense of another would almost certainly have produced a war.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1222.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn 1948 or 9, whenever it was, when was it, 49, that the Soviets exploded their first nuclear bomb, that subject was never seriously discussed. I'm not saying it should have been discussed. But the fact is it was a seminal event in the post-war period because from that moment on it was clear that, sooner or later, a point would be reached in which the weapon it which we had a decisive advantage, would be neutralized.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1246.0,1278.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd, therefore, either we were going to change our whole military establishment, or the world balance of power would be fundamentally affected. And, of course, the world changes when nations change their perception of what they want to do to each other. Now, This, Taking these general observations as a point of departure, let me then turn to the problem of statesmanship that any one period faces regardless of how It is organized.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1278.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThose of us those who are most familiar with the Western tradition, tend to think of international relations in terms of sovereignty, that is, the organization of political units that, Obey no superior will, which was the way it was defined first in the 17th century. But throughout Western history, there have been many units, city states, feudal states, nation states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1349.0,1399.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut our whole cultural division inclines us toward a perception of international relations based on many units. There are other parts of the world that have no such experience at all. In China, There is no experience with international relations in the Western sense. Chinese history began very similar to European history.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1399.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere were large numbers Of different units in conflict with each other conducting policy according to principles which I will return to in a minute. But about 2000 years ago one state established preeminence unified China. And since then, China has no real experience with operating an international system until well into the 19th century, and probably into the modern period.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1443.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nChina never accepted the concept of sovereignty. China considered itself as the middle kingdom. Various other states were conceived in various relations of tributary relationship to China. Which he often took the form that the Chinese returned more gifts than they collected as a sign of their greatness. But, the Chinese did not think of other nations as, Has equaled.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1489.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen, the British ambassador called on the Chinese emperor at the end of the 18th century, which was the first contact the Chinese have had with an organize political unit in the west. They have had explorers visit there. He had to go through, first he had to wait for many months before he was deceive.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1530.0,1555.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then, he was put through an extraordinarily humiliating procedure that established his battle status. And for the Chinese there were only various types of battles. Now, therefore for the Chinese it was a shocking event. When outside suddenly intruded into China and began to impose their preferences. Been unheard of in Chinese history for 2,000 years.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1555.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut, where the Japanese who went through the same experience immediately decided to transform themselves into a nation state cost what it may. And to gain and to learn from the west and to resist it by western method. The Chinese did the opposite. The Chinese decided to resist it by Chinese methods, which was not to deal with these states on the basis of balance of power, at least not of Chinese power.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1595.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut to try to pit them against each other to try to bend, adjust, absorb. And it was not really untill the communist revolution, that China ended international affairs as a sovereign state in a society of equals. And this long historic experience I think is one of the explanations, why, For anybody who has dealt with Chinese diplomats is struck by the intensive self assurance.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1629.0,1665.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the absolute confidence which is not arrogance, which is based on a real conviction of cultures of priority with which the Chinese analyze international affairs, and conduct themselves towards foreigners. Whom no matter how politely they treat them, deep down they feel not equal, To the Chinese overall Performance Once had the experience when a Chinese leader said to me, you're a very intelligent man.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1665.0,1717.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I said to him, by this you mean by Chinese standards, I'm above average intelligence. They didn't say no. You're intelligence by Chinese Standards.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e He just smiled and noded it, the God made a preposterous statement. Now in Russia, you don't have this. The Russia has always been an inchoate nation state.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1717.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAlways survives never back being culturally preeminent always deep down the chat Russians know that they are not lovable,\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e And that they have to prevail with physical power. And then, they are intermediate positions, you take the middle east. In the middle east peace as more often existed either on the Chinese model except it has fluctuated or there hasn't been one pre-eminent state.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1743.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOr through the hegemony of some body with lot's of changing conquers establishing physical pre-eminent. And I think the Middle East too has no tradition of conducting foreign policy on the principle of the nations stained as I have described now, I'm not attached to any value judgement of this statement.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1774.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI'm simply explaining the different kinds of political organizations that have existed. I think it's the equivalent of Georgetown University in China 200 years ago, it would not have been possible to have a subject in which international relations were studied. I think in the Middle East. It would have been possible to study it, but really, from the point of view of how to fend off outside forces, not from the point of view of how one can oneself save it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1804.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut be that as it may, in the contemporary period at least for a substantial period of time. Foreign policy will have to be conducted more or less by the principals that develop. In europe in the 18th and 19th century. Even if the kinds of states that exist are different in character from the European nations states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1851.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEven though many of them have attributes of empire, the fact is, there are too many units in the rule today to operate the international system by the determination of one of them. When you have 150 different nations. Or political units, each of them claiming the attribute of sovereign, however different their physical power.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1881.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou therefore, you're driven back. To a certain fundamental approaches. To the conduct of foreign policy. And you have the problem of what the organizing principle of such an international system can be. [COUGH] One of the fundamental, I think, any political unit that includes any state, any sovereign state starts from the premise that it cannot acquiesce in its own destruction.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1923.0,1978.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is no reasonable settlement or no settlement that is perceived as reasonable, that threatens a state's image of what it requires for its security. Therefore any foreign policy must begin any reflection on foreign policy about a country and as Americans for the United States it must begin with an analysis of what it is that a nation cannot permit, no matter how it happens.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1978.0,2028.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow that is, for Americans, a very difficult concept to grasp because the United States, for the greater part of our history, was so far removed from the center of international conflict. And the other countries were relatively, Technically incapable of impinging on us that we didn't think we had a security problem at all.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2028.0,2062.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e How about we turn off.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e I don't know.\n\u003e\u003e Yeah. [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e Let's bring out old violinist.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e In the United States, as a result of these circumstances, we never had to face the problem of physical security as a day to day problem of national policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2062.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this led to certain peculiarities of the American approach to international relations, peculiarities in the sense that it was not shared by most other nations. When you read text books on international relations you almost never find a reference to the balance of power without some pejorative adjectives in front of it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2117.0,2148.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd I do not doubt that you will find on the faculty of Georgetown, and I could certainly name you on the faculty of many universities, many academics who believe that concerned with power is an evil thing and cheapens America In Europe, or in any other part of the world where countries have had to coexist with each other with narrower margins of survival than the United States, you can find many criticisms of foreign policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2148.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut you do not find in most European countries, indeed you do not find in any European countries that I know, a challenge to the concept of the balance of power. When the margin of survival of a country is relatively narrow, it knows that it must begin its foreign policy with a definition of security, that is not the end of foreign policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2203.0,2232.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut without it you abdicate decisions to other states. Of course, there are many states in the world that cannot take care of their own security by their own unaided efforts. And they therefore will try to form alliances with others or alliances with each other. We now have the interesting phenomenon that the largest alliance in the world is the alliance of the non-aligned.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2232.0,2271.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut the operational purpose of the non-aligned is to add the weight of a number of weak countries together to provide some sort of counterbalance to the physical predominance of the so called superpowers. For the United States, however, this has been extremely difficult concept to learn, especially, in this sense.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2271.0,2314.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI would say there are two fundamental categories for foreign policy with respect to security. One I would call defensive. The other I would call precautionary. A defensive foreign policy is what America conducted through the greatest period of its history. And which, to some extent, China conducted though its problems were different.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2314.0,2344.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDefensive foreign policy says, there is no threat of sufficient magnitude far away that requires the engagement of our country. We can afford to wait until a threat becomes totally unambiguous so that everybody can understand it. And then, we mobilize all our resources against it. That is, in effect, American policy until the end of World War II.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2344.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn our popular mythology, we like to think that we fought both world wars to prevent world domination. And in a way that is true. But the fact of the matter is, that if the safety of the world had depended on the American understanding of the issues involved, the safety of the world would have been lost both times.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2389.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNeither in 1914 nor in 1939 did the United States consider the threat sufficiently serious to engage ourselves in the early phases. We were safe by the fact that there were other nations with a narrower margin of survival. Who engaged themselves and help before until we understood what the problem was.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2423.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd that we in fact face them in a bigger strength. Another conductive sort of a policy. You need a large margin of physical superiority It is not a privilege a country like either Israel or any of its neighbors can have. Nor any of the European nations could have towards each other in the period of European [INAUDIBLE].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2451.0,2489.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow we are in the position vis-a-vis potential adversaries very similar to that of the European before World war II. That means we have to conduct what I would call a precautionary policy. A precautionary policy is based, it has to attempt to solve the following dilemma of statement. That when the scope for action is greatest, the knowledge on which to base such action is at a minimum.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2489.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen the knowledge is greatest, the scope for creative action has frequently disappeared. Let me give you one example of the 30s which is non-controversial and two examples of the 70s which are highly controversial. In 1936, one French division could have stopped the German reoccupation of the Rhineland. If that had been prevented, there would not have been a World War II.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2535.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn fact, the Germans reoccupied the Rhineland with only three battalions that had orders to withdraw the first sign of French resistance. But there were two problems, one, the Germans were moving troops into their own territory and they were the only European country that was prohibited from moving troops into part of its own territory.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2575.0,2601.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo it was considered, I'm just to prevent them from doing what everyone else would have the right to do. And secondly, Hitler accompanied the reoccupation of the Rhineland with many declarations of peaceful intentions. Had the French moved at the time? Many well-meaning people would have said this is another example of French hysteria, French urbanism.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2601.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the world would still be arguing today, whether Hitler was a misunderstood nationalist provoked by a hostile environment, or a maniac bent on world domination. Five years later, everybody knew he was a maniac bent on world domination. It was a knowledge acquired at the cost of 20 million lives.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2637.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe dilemma of a precautionary foreign policy is, that you must act against challenges that are highly ambiguous and whose significance you cannot prove. And it is of course true that you may act in situations that were unnecessary. Yet, if you wait until the proof is in, it is too late.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2665.0,2693.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the 1970s, the early 1970s, the administration in which I served had the problem of ending the Vietnam War. None of you will remember the unbelievable passions that existed at that period. And the demonstrations and bitterness that seized university campuses and almost any other, and even today, you cannot read about the war in Vietnam in any rational context because most of the people who write about it are children of the 60s.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2693.0,2747.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd a dispatchment generation has not yet grown up. We're gonna have one session on Vietnam, and therefore I'm not gonna go into the merits of various positions, now except to say one fundamental issue. The issue was never in the perception of the actors who was for the war that he was against it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2747.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe issue was, that having inherited 500,000 American troops engaged in combat, those who felt that negotiations had to be ended on honorable terms which we identified with not putting communist into office and turning people that were our allies over to some totalitarian regime. It was our belief that for the United States to collapse, a major effort of this kind would have disastrous consequences for the stability of the international structure, and encourage our enemies all over the world.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2776.0,2824.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt was the so-called domino effect. Well-meaning critics denied that there was such an effect, and was impossible to prove this without making the experiment. And I won't even argue now for the purposes here of whether it was ever possible to do this differently, that's not my point here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2824.0,2848.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI'm gonna have one session at least on the subject in which I'm going to grade the detail on the merits and demerits of the Vietnam issue. All I want to say for the purposes of this analyses is, there's no question that the collapse of opposition in Vietnam has had a hardest tragic effect on opposition in almost every other part of the world and that they declined In our world possession.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2848.0,2882.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat one notices now is closely related to the collapse in 1975. Now, was it avoidable or not? Should we ever have gotten involved, or not? That's a different issue. I tend to think, we should not have gotten involved. I tend to think, it haven't been involved, It should have been ended, been permitted to end differently, but that's all for another session.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2882.0,2909.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFor the present session, it is simply enough to point out that it was not possible at that time to demonstrate what the consequences would be. Now we know what the consequences were. But now we can replay that other effort. Another example of the 70's, which was highly controversial, was the dispatch of Cuban troops to Angola in 1975.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2909.0,2936.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSome of us were of the view that if it was possible for the Soviet Union to commit to send proxy troops from a little Caribbean island into distant continents. And to emerge as the dominant military power in that area that that would create such a cycle of adjustment to Soviet and Communist purposes that Angola would only be the first stage of a process.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2936.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAgain, it was totally impossible to demonstrate this. Two years later, when Cuban troops showed up in Ethiopia. And today when we see the design with Cuban troops in Ethiopia, Soviet troops in Afghanistan, and the Middle East in a pincers. We can see what the consequences were. Now the effort to reverse the problem and to achieve a defense of the Persian Gulf under the conditions existing today.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2980.0,3022.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt's infinitely more costly. Then had we resisted in Angola when it was ridiculously easy and not at all costly. But the price Angola's paid is lack of certainty. This means that to conduct the kind of foreign policy that narrow margins of survival require imposes on a society the need for a high degree of national consensus and national unity.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3022.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBecause if every issue leads to substantial, to near-civil war conditions, then it becomes, or it's bitterly contested. Then leaders of whatever party will not have a self assurance to act in the inherently uncertain situations that such an environment imposes. And that environment is difficult enough to understand. In any event, because it has almost, it has never happened before that on a global basis they were simultaneously changes in the nature of the units that compose the system.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3073.0,3133.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nChanges in the power of what these units could do to each other through changes in technology. Changes assault on the domestic structures of the components of the international system. Therefore different, Significances of alliances, Changes in what states can exact from their citizen, this is the point I would like to mention in this sense.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3133.0,3177.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn the 18th century for example in Europe and in many parts of the world until very recently it wasn't possible for a ruler to exact income taxes, descript his subjects, or to devote a large percentage of his Gross National Product to national purposes. Therefore the foreign policy he had to conduct was inherently limited.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3177.0,3206.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAs democratization spreads around the world, the demands that can be made on the public paradoxically increased. The resources available for state action also increased. And therefore, the conflicts become more complicated and more intense. So all of these factors are characterized the current period and why don't I stop at this point.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3206.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8512/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd at next time I will discuss various ways that various approaches that exists to dealing with the problem of international organization or the organization of international order. Go on from there then to some historical reflections, which will eventually wind up in the contemporary period. But I'll be glad to take questions for [INAUDIBLE]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3240.0,3286.46528"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0987_0001_caption.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e Yeah, [INAUDIBLE].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=4.306,10.31"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] Today, I want to talk in rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=10.31,15.725"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abstract terms about the various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=15.725,20.618"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approaches to international relations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=20.618,26.945"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [COUGH]\n\u003e\u003e And the nature of international order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=26.945,34.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, as I said,\nnext time I meet with you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=34.49,38.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll begin illustrating these principles\nwith various historical episodes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=38.72,44.729"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The point is not to teach you\nthe history of that period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=46.59,52.042"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to try to see what is\ngeneral in the approach in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=52.042,56.798"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"historical events and\nwhat is peculiar to given periods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=56.798,62.494"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because finally, the only\nexperience nations have is history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=62.494,68.543"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And without some framework,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=68.543,73.352"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every problem becomes a special case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=73.352,79.706"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When one looks at international affairs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=82.437,88.209"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are used to an international system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=88.209,93.338"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is based on the nation state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=93.338,98.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the fact of the matter is that\nif you look at the sweep of history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=99.88,102.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there have been many types\nof political organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=102.94,106.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the types of units that\ncompose the international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=107.79,114.335"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system have not inevitably been nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=114.335,119.581"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact,\nthe idea of a nation with linguistic and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=119.581,123.709"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultural unity is a relatively\nrecent phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=123.709,129.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the ancient period,\nthere were city state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=129.03,132.098"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the Medieval period,\nthere were feudal states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=132.098,135.98"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In China today,\nyou have a homogeneous culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=135.98,143.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you have, on the other hand,\nthe people in different parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=144.1,149.045"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the country quite literally\ndo not understand each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=149.045,153.914"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And use a common written language,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=153.914,157.829"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which they pronounce in a manner\nincomprehensible to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=157.829,165.66"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that China is a different kind of\norganization from the nation state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=165.66,172.598"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it developed in Europe\nduring the 19th Century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=172.598,177.902"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As late as the end of the 18th Century and\nthe early 19th Century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=177.902,182.231"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had in Europe something\nlike itinerant statesman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=182.231,185.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Individuals whose profession it\nwas to be political leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=186.82,192.806"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Foreign Minister of Russia,\nfor example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=192.806,196.272"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not a Russian until\nthe middle of the 19th Century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=196.272,200.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a Greek, they had Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=201.71,204.08"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baron von Stein was once\nForeign Minister of Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=208.94,212.226"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another time he was Foreign Minister in,\nI think, Saxony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=212.226,216.21"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[LAUGH]\nIdeas here today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=216.21,221.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be absolutely inconceivable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=221.37,222.889"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what they meant was\nthat loyalty at that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=224.57,227.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not defined by national origin but by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=228.99,234.66"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a system of personal loyalties and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=234.66,240.965"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political obligations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=240.965,244.08"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And nobody would be\nthought to be a traitor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=244.08,246.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In as late as 1820,\nthere was a man who had been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=248.98,253.883"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget now whether he was Foreign Minister\nor Prime Minister of France,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=253.883,260.684"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who then would up as the governor\nof a Russian province.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=260.684,265.942"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which today would appear absurd to one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=265.942,270.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed, one of the problems\nof the contemporary period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=270.77,273.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the world is attempting to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=274.65,279.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organize itself as a political\nsystem based on the nation state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=279.5,284.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While, in fact,\nmany of the new states are not nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=284.79,290.275"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that the European\nstates are nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=290.275,295.416"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You take Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=295.416,297.342"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Africa, the political boundaries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=297.342,302.584"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were drawn by the imperial countries for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=302.584,308.153"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the administrative convenience\nof the colonial powers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=308.153,316.197"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they reflected very\noften their rivalry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=316.197,321.414"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among each other of the colonial powers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=321.414,326.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it happened that French Africa,\nfor example, with a long coastline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=326.35,331.809"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was split up into, I think,\n17 different states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=331.809,335.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each of which has now become a nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=335.53,337.09"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgian Africa, with a very narrow\ncoastline but a very deep hinterland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=339.36,344.852"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was governed as one unit,\nwhich has now become one nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=344.852,349.222"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though the differences\nin between the different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=349.222,356.504"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parts of Zaire are hugely different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=356.504,361.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another way of putting\nit is that the European","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=361.7,366.168"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries were nations\nbefore they became states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=366.168,371.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many developing countries,\nthey became states first and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=372.83,378.685"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to form a nation afterwards,\nwhich is a totally different problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=378.685,385.801"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll get into when we discuss\nsituations like Iran and others later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=385.801,393.179"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The point I now want to\nmake is a different one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=393.179,395.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fundamental point I want to make is that\nin analyzing an international system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=396.4,402.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is important to understand what\nthe units are that compose it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=402.58,407.668"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On what pattern of internal\norganization they are formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=407.668,413.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to what degree they believe\nthat the internal organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=415.14,419.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one is a threat to the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=421.85,425.31"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That determines whether one lives in what\nI would call a revolutionary period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=427.15,434.836"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a legitimate period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=434.836,441.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course these distinctions cannot be\nmade absolutely, but what I mean is this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=441.3,445.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A legitimate period is one in which\nmost of the states or units or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=445.59,450.372"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever you wanna call them, most of\nthe entities that conduct international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=450.372,456.422"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affairs accept the basic structure\nof the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=456.422,462.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They will still have\ndisputes with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=462.45,464.91"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They may even go to war with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=464.91,466.239"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the disputes concern adjustments\nwithin a system that everybody accepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=467.3,472.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than the overthrow of the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=472.4,474.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Domestic changes in one\ncountry are considered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=475.29,479.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its internal affairs because\nthey are not perceived to affect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=479.69,484.51"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The security or\neven the survival of other countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=486.41,491.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In native revolutionary\ninternational system, you will have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=492.97,498.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a significant number of countries\nwho were one very large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=498.18,503.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries that does not accept the basic\nstructure of the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=503.45,507.926"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And or does not accept the basic\nstructure of the internal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=509.97,514.998"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization, and\nwhen those two come together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=514.998,519.503"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then one lives in a nature\nof tremendous turmoil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=519.503,523.919"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again in Europe in the 17th century, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=523.919,528.392"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe in the 18th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=528.392,531.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then after the French Revolution for\na century in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=533.27,536.752"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe after the demise of Napoleon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=536.752,542.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The European state on the whole\naccepted each other's existence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=544.36,550.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they fought innumerable wars against\neach other but they were about marginal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=550.17,553.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes, that did not affect\nthe fundamental survival of each state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=553.8,558.97"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wars occurred but they were limited, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=558.97,563.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peace settlement were\nrelatively easily arrived at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=563.38,569.186"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many other periods,\nincluding the 17th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=573.21,579.842"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world after World War I, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=579.842,583.934"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today there have been\nnations that did not accept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=583.934,589.719"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the basic structure of\ninternational system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=589.719,595.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the contemporary world,\nthey also do not accept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=597.33,601.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the legitimacy of\nthe internal arrangement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=602.95,606.995"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that now in the legitimate periods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=606.995,614.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could bring about a change in\nthe balance of power either by tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=616.53,621.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"armament, or by tremendous conquest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=621.7,626.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today you can bring about\na change in the balance of power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=628.65,631.41"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through domestic revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=632.46,633.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The overthrow of the Shah of Iran for\nexample,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=635.97,639.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fundamentally changed the balance\nof power in the Middle East","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=640.85,645.719"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it had nothing to do with\nwhat in the 19th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=647.72,652.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have been considered a subject\nof international relation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=653.58,658.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words in a revolutionary period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=659.78,665.272"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a, Domestic and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=665.272,672.098"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign policy tend to merge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=672.098,677.277"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then changes in the global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=677.277,682.256"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equilibrium can occur entirely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=682.256,687.635"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through domestic changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=687.635,692.417"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in another country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=692.417,696.027"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, foreign policy as\nit was conceived in more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=696.027,702.669"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"periods, gets a totally, no dimension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=703.803,709.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in our period, as I said we\nlive in a Revolutionary period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=712.375,717.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, we also live\nin a period in which for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=717.16,720.797"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first time in history,\nforeign policy has become global.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=720.797,725.757"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until, almost the end of World War II,\nthere was no way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=728.056,735.673"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one could compare the relative power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=735.673,740.912"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the relative influence of\nvarious parts of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=740.912,748.55"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 18th century for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=748.55,750.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no way one could compare\nthe role of China, and the role of Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=750.23,756.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because they have practically no physical\nability to interact with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=756.18,762.239"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first part of the 20th century\nthey had the ability to interact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=764.46,768.65"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but foreign policy was\nreally European policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=770.56,774.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even we were out of\nthe international game until 1945,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=776.35,781.46"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very hard to remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=781.46,783.82"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now live for the first time in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=786.61,791.665"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a global system with rapid\nmeans of communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=791.665,800.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, to get it back to a theoretical core,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=800.23,803.153"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if one wants to understand\nan international system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=803.153,806.921"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One has to analyze first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=809.73,813.822"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are the units that\ncompose the system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=813.822,820.711"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How are they organized internally,\naccording to what principles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=823.71,830.444"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third, what is their physical\nability to interact with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=833.745,839.509"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say,\nwhat can one nation do to another?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=840.62,843.364"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fourth,\nwhat do they want to do to each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=846.962,853.212"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If any of these factors change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=859.21,863.139"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then one lives in an age of trauma,\nand that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=863.139,868.958"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again that' a conduct of\nsubstantially maybe not today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=868.958,876.089"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I won't be that abstract\nin other lectures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=876.089,881.618"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I thought I want to\nget some philosophical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=881.618,887.146"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"principles established today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=887.146,891.243"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have a change in the notions of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=897.7,902.828"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what constitutes,\nA legitimate organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=902.828,909.353"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have a period of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=913.327,917.136"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, I think it is safe to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=917.136,921.96"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that colonialism was acceptable for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=921.96,926.495"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an extended period of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=926.495,930.004"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in many parts of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=930.004,934.39"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was simply that placement\nof one set of alien rulers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=934.39,941.264"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by another set of alien rulers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=941.264,945.233"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The idea of nationhood was\nintroduced into many parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=945.233,950.659"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world by the colonial\npowers themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=950.659,955.612"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the British went into India,\nthere was no unified Indians there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=955.612,960.952"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a conglomerate of states in\nconstant conflict with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=960.952,967.36"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the relatively few Britishers who took\nover India could never have succeeded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=967.36,972.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the population had had\na national revulsion against them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=973.48,978.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first instance, the British\nreplaced one set of rulers by themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=979.25,986.81"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They then unified the country,\nphysically, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=988.88,994.028"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only then was the idea of\ntheir foreigners introduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=994.028,999.544"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably by the Western\nidea that nations should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=999.544,1004.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflect cultural,\nlinguistic and other unity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1004.57,1009.737"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that inevitably, then,\nproduced a conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1009.737,1014.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can trace it,\nthe collapse of the feudal states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1019.875,1022.965"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The feudal states could operate\nquite efficiently as long as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1022.965,1027.646"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people believed in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1027.646,1029.672"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until the end of the 18th century,\nthe Austro-Hungarian empire was probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1031.813,1036.195"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most modern political\norganization in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1036.195,1039.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the one organization that had\nsolved the problem, to some extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1039.6,1043.74"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the relationship of feudalism,\nwhich created little units","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1043.74,1049.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the need of organizing larger states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1049.44,1053.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fifty years later it had\nbecome an anachronism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1054.85,1057.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not because it had changed\nits method of government, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1057.7,1060.75"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the idea of nationalism\nhad spread across Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1060.75,1065.575"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, again,\ntoday we live in one of these periods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1066.66,1072.07"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where what is considered acceptable\npolitical organization is changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1072.07,1075.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all the arguments at the United\nNations, for example, about a new economic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1077.0,1081.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order really hide an assault on\nthe existing international structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1081.71,1089.36"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is in addition to the communist\nchallenge which is directed both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1091.22,1096.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the internal organization and, to some\nextent, at the international direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1096.79,1101.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another change can come\nabout in the physical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1103.3,1108.056"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ability of states to affect each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1108.056,1112.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When there is a fundamental\nchange of technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1112.32,1117.417"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you create a new environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1117.417,1120.504"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The advent of nuclear power, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1123.932,1129.212"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has created totally\nunprecedented conditions for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1129.212,1135.728"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the conduct of international diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1135.728,1140.947"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the past, It was almost impossible for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1140.947,1149.254"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a country to achieve\npreponderance of strength","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1149.254,1154.326"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through its own domestic exertions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1154.326,1158.392"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the destructive power of\nweapons was relatively this small,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1158.392,1164.298"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when you needed a huge number of them\nin order to gain a decisive advantage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1164.298,1171.258"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was almost always possible to\nestablish some sort of a balance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1171.258,1177.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, in fact, one could achieve\ndominance only by physical conquests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1178.4,1186.98"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the modern period, a non-nuclear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1189.51,1196.294"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country that develops nuclear weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1196.294,1201.433"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes the balance of\npower in a fundamental way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1201.433,1208.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through developments which are entirely\nwithin its own sovereign jurisdiction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1209.61,1213.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the biggest changes\nin the post-war period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1215.02,1217.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was when we lost our atomic monopoly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1218.66,1220.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No amount of conquest that the Soviet\nUnion could have undertaken in Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1222.4,1226.96"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have given them the gain\nin power that it achieved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1226.96,1229.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the development of nuclear weapons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1230.77,1234.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the past, such an increase in one\ncountry's power at the relative expense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1234.42,1239.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of another would almost\ncertainly have produced a war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1239.8,1246.28"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1948 or 9, whenever it was,\nwhen was it, 49, that the Soviets exploded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1246.28,1251.477"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their first nuclear bomb, that\nsubject was never seriously discussed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1251.477,1256.099"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying it should\nhave been discussed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1256.099,1258.629"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the fact is it was a seminal\nevent in the post-war period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1258.629,1263.292"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because from that moment on\nit was clear that, sooner or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1263.292,1267.674"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, a point would be reached\nin which the weapon it which we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1267.674,1272.52"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a decisive advantage,\nwould be neutralized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1272.52,1276.55"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, either we were going to\nchange our whole military establishment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1278.3,1284.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the world balance of power\nwould be fundamentally affected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1284.69,1293.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, of course,\nthe world changes when nations change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1293.18,1298.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their perception of what they\nwant to do to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1298.7,1304.114"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, This,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1306.469,1313.472"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taking these general observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1320.696,1326.163"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a point of departure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1326.163,1329.988"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me then turn to the problem of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1329.988,1334.906"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statesmanship that any one period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1334.906,1340.19"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faces regardless of how It is organized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1340.19,1346.585"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those of us those who are most familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1349.14,1354.444"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Western tradition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1354.444,1358.589"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to think of international relations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1358.589,1364.392"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of sovereignty, that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1364.392,1369.364"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the organization of political units that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1369.364,1375.521"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obey no superior will, which was the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1379.243,1384.277"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was defined first in the 17th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1384.277,1389.768"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But throughout Western history,\nthere have been many units,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1389.768,1395.134"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city states, feudal states, nation states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1395.134,1399.197"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But our whole cultural division\ninclines us toward a perception","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1399.197,1406.055"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of international relations\nbased on many units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1406.055,1411.396"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other parts of the world\nthat have no such experience at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1417.523,1422.126"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In China, There is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1425.63,1430.702"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no experience with international\nrelations in the Western sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1430.702,1435.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chinese history began very\nsimilar to European history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1438.0,1443.116"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were large numbers Of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1443.116,1448.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different units in conflict with\neach other conducting policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1448.01,1453.329"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to principles which\nI will return to in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1453.329,1458.36"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But about 2000 years ago one state\nestablished preeminence unified China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1458.36,1466.918"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since then,\nChina has no real experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1466.918,1472.912"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with operating an international system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1472.912,1478.277"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until well into the 19th century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1478.277,1483.168"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably into the modern period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1483.168,1488.23"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China never accepted\nthe concept of sovereignty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1489.84,1493.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China considered itself\nas the middle kingdom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1494.68,1497.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Various other states\nwere conceived in various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1499.09,1503.716"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relations of tributary\nrelationship to China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1503.716,1508.463"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which he often took the form\nthat the Chinese returned more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1508.463,1513.902"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gifts than they collected as\na sign of their greatness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1513.902,1519.12"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, the Chinese did not\nthink of other nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1520.95,1525.976"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as, Has equaled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1525.976,1530.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, the British ambassador called on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1530.9,1534.46"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Chinese emperor at the end of the 18th\ncentury, which was the first contact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1535.89,1541.27"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Chinese have had with an organize\npolitical unit in the west.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1541.27,1546.66"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have had explorers visit there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1546.66,1548.369"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had to go through, first he had to wait\nfor many months before he was deceive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1549.65,1555.131"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, he was put through\nan extraordinarily humiliating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1555.131,1560.647"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"procedure that established\nhis battle status.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1560.647,1565.003"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for the Chinese there were only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1565.003,1569.887"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various types of battles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1569.887,1573.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, therefore for\nthe Chinese it was a shocking event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1573.79,1578.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When outside suddenly intruded into China","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1580.1,1583.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and began to impose their preferences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1586.6,1589.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Been unheard of in Chinese history for\n2,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1590.76,1595.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, where the Japanese who went\nthrough the same experience immediately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1595.68,1601.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to transform themselves into\na nation state cost what it may.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1601.64,1605.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to gain and to learn from the west and\nto resist it by western method.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1607.28,1613.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Chinese did the opposite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1615.08,1616.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Chinese decided to resist it by\nChinese methods, which was not to deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1617.5,1623.49"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with these states on the basis of balance\nof power, at least not of Chinese power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1623.49,1629.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But to try to pit them against each\nother to try to bend, adjust, absorb.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1629.56,1635.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was not really untill\nthe communist revolution, that China","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1636.63,1642.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended international affairs as\na sovereign state in a society of equals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1642.0,1647.39"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this long historic experience I\nthink is one of the explanations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1650.08,1654.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why, For anybody who has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1654.6,1659.81"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealt with Chinese diplomats is struck\nby the intensive self assurance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1659.81,1665.493"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the absolute confidence\nwhich is not arrogance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1665.493,1670.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is based on a real\nconviction of cultures of priority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1670.45,1675.849"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which the Chinese analyze\ninternational affairs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1675.849,1681.137"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and conduct themselves towards foreigners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1681.137,1685.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whom no matter how\npolitely they treat them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1686.52,1691.961"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep down they feel not equal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1691.961,1695.688"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the Chinese overall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1699.275,1702.561"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Performance Once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1707.76,1712.547"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the experience when a Chinese leader\nsaid to me, you're a very intelligent man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1712.547,1717.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said to him,\nby this you mean by Chinese standards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1717.22,1721.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm above average intelligence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1721.57,1724.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't say no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1724.44,1725.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're intelligence by Chinese Standards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1725.32,1727.272"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e He just smiled and noded it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1727.272,1731.786"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the God made a preposterous statement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1731.786,1736.95"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in Russia, you don't have this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1736.95,1738.134"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Russia has always been\nan inchoate nation state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1738.134,1742.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Always survives never back being\nculturally preeminent always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1743.96,1748.738"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep down the chat Russians\nknow that they are not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1748.738,1752.365"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lovable,\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1752.365,1753.36"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e And that they have to prevail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1753.36,1755.387"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with physical power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1755.387,1756.995"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, they are intermediate positions,\nyou take the middle east.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1756.995,1761.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the middle east peace as more often\nexisted either on the Chinese model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1764.42,1769.388"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except it has fluctuated or\nthere hasn't been one pre-eminent state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1769.388,1774.365"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or through the hegemony\nof some body with lot's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1774.365,1780.026"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of changing conquers establishing\nphysical pre-eminent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1780.026,1787.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the Middle East too\nhas no tradition of conducting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1787.42,1792.689"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign policy on the principle of the\nnations stained as I have described now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1792.689,1799.608"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not attached to any value\njudgement of this statement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1799.608,1804.898"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm simply explaining\nthe different kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1804.898,1809.415"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political organizations that have existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1809.415,1813.945"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's the equivalent\nof Georgetown University in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1813.945,1818.897"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China 200 years ago,\nit would not have been possible to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1818.897,1823.952"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a subject in which international\nrelations were studied.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1823.952,1829.54"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in the Middle East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1831.53,1832.769"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would have been possible to study it,\nbut","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1834.79,1839.16"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really, from the point of view of\nhow to fend off outside forces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1839.16,1843.97"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from the point of view of\nhow one can oneself save it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1843.97,1849.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But be that as it may,\nin the contemporary period at least for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1851.17,1856.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a substantial period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1856.3,1858.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foreign policy will have\nto be conducted more or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1859.04,1863.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less by the principals that develop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1863.01,1867.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In europe in the 18th and 19th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1867.14,1869.754"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if the kinds of states\nthat exist are different in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1869.754,1876.036"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"character from the European\nnations states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1876.036,1881.491"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though many of them\nhave attributes of empire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1881.491,1887.773"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact is, there are too many units in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1887.773,1892.482"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rule today to operate\nthe international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1892.482,1897.766"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system by the determination\nof one of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1897.766,1903.076"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you have 150 different nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1903.076,1908.459"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or political units, each of them\nclaiming the attribute of sovereign,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1911.148,1917.065"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however different their physical power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1917.065,1920.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You therefore, you're driven back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1923.91,1926.406"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To a certain fundamental approaches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1926.406,1932.128"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the conduct of foreign policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1932.128,1937.04"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have the problem of what\nthe organizing principle of such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1940.44,1945.102"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an international system can be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1945.102,1947.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] One of the fundamental, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1953.897,1959.004"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any political unit that\nincludes any state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1959.004,1964.714"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any sovereign state\nstarts from the premise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1964.714,1970.275"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it cannot acquiesce\nin its own destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1970.275,1976.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no reasonable settlement or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1978.6,1982.862"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no settlement that is\nperceived as reasonable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1982.862,1988.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that threatens a state's image of\nwhat it requires for its security.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=1988.5,1996.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore any foreign\npolicy must begin any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2001.53,2006.29"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflection on foreign\npolicy about a country and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2006.29,2011.565"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Americans for the United States it must","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2011.565,2016.067"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin with an analysis of\nwhat it is that a nation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2016.067,2021.209"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot permit, no matter how it happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2021.209,2025.86"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that is, for Americans,\na very difficult concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2028.35,2034.305"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to grasp because the United States,\nfor the greater part of our history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2034.305,2041.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was so far removed from the center\nof international conflict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2044.42,2049.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the other countries were relatively,\nTechnically incapable of impinging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2050.6,2057.427"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on us that we didn't think we\nhad a security problem at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2057.427,2062.646"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e How about we turn off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2062.646,2064.226"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2064.226,2071.753"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Yeah.\n[LAUGH]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2071.753,2073.577"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e Let's bring out old violinist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2073.577,2075.117"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2075.117,2077.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e In the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2088.994,2092.737"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of these circumstances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2092.737,2098.845"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we never had to face the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2098.845,2103.967"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of physical security as a day to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2103.967,2109.089"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day problem of national policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2109.089,2114.617"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this led to certain\npeculiarities of the American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2117.054,2121.41"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approach to international relations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2121.41,2124.703"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peculiarities in the sense that it\nwas not shared by most other nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2124.703,2130.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you read text books\non international relations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2132.64,2137.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you almost never find a reference\nto the balance of power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2138.78,2142.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without some pejorative\nadjectives in front of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2142.56,2146.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I do not doubt that you will\nfind on the faculty of Georgetown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2148.28,2155.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I could certainly name\nyou on the faculty of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2155.72,2160.996"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many universities,\nmany academics who believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2160.996,2166.544"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that concerned with power\nis an evil thing and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2166.544,2171.685"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cheapens America In Europe, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2171.685,2181.294"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any other part of\nthe world where countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2181.294,2186.593"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have had to coexist with\neach other with narrower","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2186.593,2192.311"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"margins of survival\nthan the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2192.311,2197.611"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can find many criticisms\nof foreign policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2197.611,2203.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you do not find in\nmost European countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2203.37,2206.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indeed you do not find in any\nEuropean countries that I know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2206.1,2208.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a challenge to the concept\nof the balance of power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2210.16,2213.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the margin of survival of\na country is relatively narrow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2216.98,2221.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it knows that it must\nbegin its foreign policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2221.06,2226.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a definition of security,\nthat is not the end of foreign policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2227.58,2231.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But without it you abdicate\ndecisions to other states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2232.94,2239.39"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course,\nthere are many states in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2241.08,2244.76"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that cannot take care of their own\nsecurity by their own unaided efforts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2244.76,2249.395"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they therefore will try to\nform alliances with others or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2252.14,2257.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alliances with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2257.73,2259.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now have the interesting phenomenon\nthat the largest alliance in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2261.29,2266.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the alliance of the non-aligned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2266.72,2270.314"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the operational purpose of\nthe non-aligned is to add the weight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2271.66,2277.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a number of weak countries together\nto provide some sort of counterbalance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2277.11,2283.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the physical predominance of the so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2285.05,2289.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called superpowers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2289.7,2293.92"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the United States, however,\nthis has been extremely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2300.22,2305.893"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult concept to learn,\nespecially, in this sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2305.893,2311.697"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say there are two\nfundamental categories for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2314.6,2318.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign policy with respect to security.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2318.17,2321.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One I would call defensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2322.95,2324.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other I would call precautionary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2326.1,2328.52"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A defensive foreign policy is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2330.61,2333.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what America conducted through\nthe greatest period of its history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2333.05,2336.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And which, to some extent, China conducted\nthough its problems were different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2339.12,2342.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Defensive foreign policy says, there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2344.21,2349.588"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no threat of sufficient magnitude far away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2349.588,2356.07"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that requires the engagement\nof our country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2357.33,2361.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can afford to wait until a threat\nbecomes totally unambiguous so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2363.35,2369.433"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everybody can understand it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2369.433,2372.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then,\nwe mobilize all our resources against it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2372.7,2381.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, in effect, American policy\nuntil the end of World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2381.37,2388.189"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In our popular mythology,\nwe like to think that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2389.99,2394.424"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fought both world wars to\nprevent world domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2394.424,2399.187"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in a way that is true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2399.187,2400.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the fact of the matter is,\nthat if the safety of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2402.26,2408.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had depended on the American\nunderstanding of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2408.4,2413.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the issues involved, the safety of\nthe world would have been lost both times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2415.59,2421.669"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neither in 1914 nor\nin 1939 did the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2423.21,2429.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consider the threat sufficiently serious\nto engage ourselves in the early phases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2429.79,2435.27"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were safe by the fact that\nthere were other nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2436.94,2439.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a narrower margin of survival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2440.92,2442.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who engaged themselves and help before\nuntil we understood what the problem was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2444.09,2449.85"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that we in fact face\nthem in a bigger strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2451.95,2454.25"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another conductive sort of a policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2455.75,2458.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You need a large margin\nof physical superiority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2458.4,2463.368"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not a privilege a country\nlike either Israel or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2465.954,2470.969"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of its neighbors can have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2470.969,2474.011"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nor any of the European nations\ncould have towards each other in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2475.7,2481.29"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the period of European [INAUDIBLE].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2481.29,2485.645"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we are in the position\nvis-a-vis potential adversaries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2489.13,2495.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very similar to that of\nthe European before World war II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2495.38,2501.161"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means we have to conduct what I\nwould call a precautionary policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2501.161,2509.824"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A precautionary policy is based,\nit has to attempt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2509.824,2515.557"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to solve the following\ndilemma of statement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2515.557,2520.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That when the scope for\naction is greatest, the knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2522.76,2529.02"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on which to base such\naction is at a minimum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2529.02,2533.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the knowledge is greatest,\nthe scope for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2535.17,2540.231"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"creative action has\nfrequently disappeared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2540.231,2545.433"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me give you one example of\nthe 30s which is non-controversial and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2545.433,2552.483"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two examples of the 70s which\nare highly controversial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2552.483,2558.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1936, one French division could have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2558.37,2562.881"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped the German\nreoccupation of the Rhineland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2562.881,2568.112"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If that had been prevented,\nthere would not have been a World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2568.112,2573.74"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the Germans reoccupied\nthe Rhineland with only three battalions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2575.78,2581.026"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had orders to withdraw\nthe first sign of French resistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2581.026,2585.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there were two problems, one,\nthe Germans were moving troops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2585.62,2590.912"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into their own territory and\nthey were the only European country that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2590.912,2596.394"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was prohibited from moving troops\ninto part of its own territory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2596.394,2601.711"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was considered,\nI'm just to prevent them from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2601.711,2606.913"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing what everyone else\nwould have the right to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2606.913,2612.129"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly,\nHitler accompanied the reoccupation of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2612.129,2617.227"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Rhineland with many declarations\nof peaceful intentions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2617.227,2623.09"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had the French moved at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2625.79,2627.81"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many well-meaning people would\nhave said this is another example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2627.81,2632.55"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of French hysteria, French urbanism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2632.55,2635.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the world would still be\narguing today, whether Hitler was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2637.14,2641.514"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a misunderstood nationalist provoked\nby a hostile environment, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2641.514,2646.301"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a maniac bent on world domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2646.301,2648.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Five years later, everybody knew he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2648.79,2653.441"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a maniac bent on world domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2653.441,2658.4"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a knowledge acquired at\nthe cost of 20 million lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2660.16,2663.57"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The dilemma of a precautionary foreign\npolicy is, that you must act against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2665.35,2670.348"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges that are highly ambiguous and\nwhose significance you cannot prove.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2670.348,2675.669"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is of course true that you may\nact in situations that were unnecessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2678.637,2684.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, if you wait until the proof is in,\nit is too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2686.14,2691.45"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 1970s, the early 1970s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2693.04,2696.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the administration in which I served had\nthe problem of ending the Vietnam War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2700.23,2705.66"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of you will remember the unbelievable\npassions that existed at that period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2709.21,2717.31"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the demonstrations and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2719.07,2722.054"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bitterness that seized\nuniversity campuses and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2722.054,2727.374"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost any other, and even today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2727.374,2731.265"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you cannot read about\nthe war in Vietnam in any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2731.265,2736.193"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rational context because\nmost of the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2736.193,2740.992"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who write about it\nare children of the 60s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2740.992,2745.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a dispatchment generation has not yet\ngrown up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2747.39,2750.795"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna have one session on Vietnam,\nand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2750.795,2754.619"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore I'm not gonna go into\nthe merits of various positions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2754.619,2760.11"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now except to say one fundamental issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2760.11,2763.554"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The issue was never in\nthe perception of the actors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2763.554,2769.55"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was for\nthe war that he was against it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2769.55,2774.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The issue was, that having inherited\n500,000 American troops engaged in combat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2776.09,2784.02"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those who felt that negotiations\nhad to be ended on honorable terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2786.2,2790.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we identified with not putting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2791.72,2796.929"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communist into office and turning people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2796.929,2802.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were our allies over to\nsome totalitarian regime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2802.06,2806.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was our belief that for\nthe United States to collapse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2806.8,2811.64"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a major effort of this kind would have\ndisastrous consequences for the stability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2811.64,2818.69"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the international structure, and\nencourage our enemies all over the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2818.69,2824.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the so-called domino effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2824.06,2825.955"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well-meaning critics denied that\nthere was such an effect, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2829.436,2834.336"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was impossible to prove this\nwithout making the experiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2834.336,2838.98"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I won't even argue now for\nthe purposes here of whether it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2838.98,2843.574"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever possible to do this differently,\nthat's not my point here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2843.574,2848.355"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna have one session at\nleast on the subject in which I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2848.355,2852.542"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to grade the detail on the merits\nand demerits of the Vietnam issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2852.542,2858.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All I want to say for the purposes of\nthis analyses is, there's no question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2858.0,2862.56"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the collapse of opposition\nin Vietnam has had a hardest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2864.1,2869.935"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tragic effect on opposition in almost\nevery other part of the world and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2869.935,2876.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they declined In\nour world possession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2876.59,2882.399"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That one notices now is closely\nrelated to the collapse in 1975.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2882.399,2889.273"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, was it avoidable or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2889.273,2893.164"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should we ever have gotten involved,\nor not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2893.164,2895.68"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a different issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2895.68,2897.35"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tend to think,\nwe should not have gotten involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2897.35,2899.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tend to think, it haven't been involved,\nIt should have been ended,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2900.57,2904.05"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been permitted to end differently,\nbut that's all for another session.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2905.05,2909.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the present session, it is simply\nenough to point out that it was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2909.48,2914.42"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible at that time to demonstrate\nwhat the consequences would be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2914.42,2918.13"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we know what the consequences were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2918.13,2919.99"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now we can replay that other effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2920.99,2924.85"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another example of the 70's,\nwhich was highly controversial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2924.85,2931.463"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the dispatch of Cuban\ntroops to Angola in 1975.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2931.463,2936.923"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of us were of the view\nthat if it was possible for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2936.923,2943.116"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Soviet Union to commit\nto send proxy troops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2943.116,2948.732"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a little Caribbean island\ninto distant continents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2948.732,2955.807"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to emerge as the dominant\nmilitary power in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2955.807,2960.856"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that area that that would\ncreate such a cycle of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2960.856,2965.905"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adjustment to Soviet and\nCommunist purposes that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2965.905,2971.344"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Angola would only be\nthe first stage of a process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2971.344,2976.796"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, it was totally\nimpossible to demonstrate this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2980.599,2984.119"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two years later,\nwhen Cuban troops showed up in Ethiopia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2986.82,2991.97"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And today when we see the design\nwith Cuban troops in Ethiopia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2993.61,2999.625"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet troops in Afghanistan,\nand the Middle East in a pincers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=2999.625,3005.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can see what the consequences were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3005.88,3010.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the effort to reverse the problem and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3010.01,3015.381"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to achieve a defense of the Persian Gulf\nunder the conditions existing today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3015.381,3021.25"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's infinitely more costly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3022.6,3024.469"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then had we resisted in Angola when it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3026.1,3031.526"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ridiculously easy and not at all costly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3031.526,3037.13"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the price Angola's\npaid is lack of certainty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3037.13,3045.71"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This means that to conduct the kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3045.71,3051.001"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign policy that narrow\nmargins of survival","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3051.001,3057.829"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"require imposes on a society the need for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3057.829,3063.632"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a high degree of national consensus and\nnational unity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3063.632,3071.838"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because if every issue\nleads to substantial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3073.59,3079.423"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to near-civil war conditions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3079.423,3083.61"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it becomes, or\nit's bitterly contested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3083.61,3089.749"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then leaders of whatever party will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3089.749,3094.631"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not have a self assurance to act in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3094.631,3099.186"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inherently uncertain situations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3099.186,3104.395"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that such an environment imposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3104.395,3109.289"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that environment is\ndifficult enough to understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3109.289,3115.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event, because it has almost,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3115.73,3119.698"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has never happened\nbefore that on a global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3119.698,3124.286"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basis they were simultaneously changes in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3124.286,3128.751"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the nature of the units\nthat compose the system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3128.751,3133.847"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes in the power of what\nthese units could do to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3133.847,3137.651"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each other through changes in technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3137.651,3141.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes assault on the domestic\nstructures of the components of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3143.18,3148.081"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3148.081,3150.267"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore different,\nSignificances of alliances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3152.221,3159.297"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes in what states can\nexact from their citizen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3163.092,3169.992"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the point I would like\nto mention in this sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3169.992,3177.06"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 18th century for\nexample in Europe and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3177.06,3181.458"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many parts of the world until\nvery recently it wasn't possible for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3181.458,3187.999"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a ruler to exact income taxes,\ndescript his subjects, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3187.999,3193.524"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to devote a large percentage of his Gross\nNational Product to national purposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3193.524,3201.353"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore the foreign policy he had\nto conduct was inherently limited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3201.353,3205.199"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As democratization\nspreads around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3206.97,3209.8"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the demands that can be made on\nthe public paradoxically increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3211.68,3216.48"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The resources available for\nstate action also increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3217.52,3221.28"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, the conflicts become\nmore complicated and more intense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3222.39,3228.981"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all of these factors\nare characterized the current period and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3228.981,3236.899"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why don't I stop at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3236.899,3240.864"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at next time I will\ndiscuss various ways that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3240.864,3246.212"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various approaches that\nexists to dealing with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3246.212,3251.562"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem of international\norganization or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3251.562,3256.778"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the organization of international order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3256.778,3261.742"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Go on from there then to\nsome historical reflections,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3261.742,3265.758"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will eventually wind up\nin the contemporary period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3265.758,3270.139"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'll be glad to take questions for\n[INAUDIBLE]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584#t=3270.139,3276.897"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17988/file/73584/transcript/8513/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/513/original/transcript_index_158395320520200311-3371-1652vj3?1583938806","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/513/original/transcript_index_158395320520200311-3371-1652vj3?1583938806"}]}]}]}