{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1g0ht2gf1w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Government 180: Principles of International Politics, Harvard University (re-used for Government 180 on April 8, 1968), 1968 February 5"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.ms.1981 (EAD ID)","MS 1981  (Call Number)","ms_1981_s07_b0915_0001.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audiotape_reels"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1968 February 5 (Creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u0026amp;1c55ff86-abf7-4af3-947b-37e254b00ea1 (Other Finding Aid Note)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library."]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/2076701"]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Government 180: Principles of International Politics, Harvard University (re-used for Government 180 on April 8, 1968), 1968 February 5. Henry A. Kissinger Papers, Part II (MS 1981). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/5211."]}}],"summary":{"en":["https://preservica.library.yale.edu/explorer/explorer.html#prop:4\u00261c55ff86-abf7-4af3-947b-37e254b00ea1"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["The materials are open for research.","Researchers must register and agree to the Yale University Library User Agreement for Special Collections before accessing audiovisual material in this collection."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Manuscripts and Archives Yale University Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/013/original/yale-blue.png?1678220072","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20200303-3371-15ahm2t.mpga"]},"duration":2923.57222,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-yalemssa.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/158/original/open-uri20200303-3371-15ahm2t.mpga?1583222950","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2923.57222,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0915_0001_transcript.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\u003e\u003e Handed out reading list and a list of the requirements, which I think are self explanatory. There's only one point with respect to them. You will notice that two of the requirements for the honors candidates fall within the same week. We did that, so that there wouldn't be any pressures before April 1st, and you could do your thesis.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=6.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut if a majority of the honor students in the course object, see Mr Gurevich or one of the other assessments, and we will change it. Now maybe the, [COUGH] Maybe Mr Gurevich, Mr Seagull, Mr Stevenson, and Mr Strong could get up, so that you could all get a look at them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=41.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThey can't get up. This is going to be graded on a very low curve.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e All right, are there any questions about the technical side? All right then, yeah?\n\u003e\u003e [INAUDIBLE]\n\u003e\u003e All right, any other questions? All right, [COUGH] well this, for those of you who wandered in here by mistake, is a course in international politics.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=70.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] And for the first few lectures, I will discuss [COUGH] some of the theoretical background of the subject. And then we will discuss a number of case histories. Now the first question that arises is just what international politics is. In modern history, international politics, as we know it today, is a relatively recent phenomenon.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=142.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt came into being in its present form only with the growth of the sovereign state in the 17th and 18th century. It presupposes that there is a multiplicity of states. Secondly, that there exists an idea of sovereignty and equality. And thirdly, that the various states attempt to preserve their security or achieve their objectives by their own independent efforts.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=182.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEras of empire do not know international relations. One of the difficulties that China has in the conduct of international affairs is probably the fact that throughout its history, China has never had to conduct foreign policy on the basis of the equality of sovereign states. China was either preeminent in the area that mattered to it, that is in East Asia, for a century, it was the object of the foreign policy of others.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=229.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut [COUGH] Chinese leaders, whatever their party, would find it a novel experience to have to trade with other states on the basis of equality. [COUGH] Now, one of the attributes of sovereignty is that the various states composing the international system regulate their relationships, either in the omnivore on the basis of their own judgement.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=277.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] No state can bind itself for all eternity because at a minimum condition, survival has to be its minimum goal. And therefore, there are many levels at which international politics can be studied. It involves an assessment of the values of the various components of the international system. Since the minimum condition of their foreign policy is so viable, and since in addition, they want to realize other objectives, what they consider [COUGH] crucial determines both the criteria of survival and the positive objectives they're going to try to realize.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=327.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSecondly, there is the problem of domestic structure. Every society has a decision making process, which affects the rapidity with which it can act, [COUGH]\nwhich determines criteria of relevance. And which depends on what arguments are considered reasonable within a given society. And finally, there's the level of power, [COUGH]\nwhat it is that a state can impose on another or can keep another state from imposing on it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=391.0,444.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] International politics can be looked at as a science. Machiavelli has gone down in history as an example of immorality. But in fact, what Machiavelli thought he was doing was to describe the conditions of international affairs among the Italian city states as he knew them. The question that one really should ask of Machiavelli Is not whether he was immoral but rather he was correctly describing international affairs of his period.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=444.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] Every statesman inevitably, must study the objective conditions of the period in which he finds himself. Nobody can conduct foreign policy entirely on the basis of moral exaltation. There is an important question of what limits are to be put on the requirements for survival. What it is that a state is not entitled to do, no matter how important it is for its survival.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=488.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut it is a fundamental problem, To analyze the requirements of the international environment. And one must always distinguish whether one is talking about a description of politics as they are. Or a description of international affairs as one would wish them to be. It is true that simply the invocation of national interest and reason of state is not a guide to policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=532.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMorgenthau, for example, believed that national interest was the guiding principle. But then when you examine the specific content of national interest, it turns into a circular argument. That is, anything that a state does is considered to be based on national interest. And the concept of national interest has to be stretched to encompass even the moral convictions of the society.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=572.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut the problem that is produced. By the emphasis on reason of state and national interest has been well expressed by Rousseau. When he said it would be necessary for the sum of interests to amount to a common interest. But this demands a concurrence of wisdom in so many heads.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=613.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the fortuitous concurrence of so many interests such as chance can hardly ever be expected to bring about. Another point he said, in a world of mad men it is folly to be sane. And this is the problem of values in foreign policy. It is not enough for one society to conduct a moral foreign policy if all the others conduct a policy of reason of state.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=639.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt the same time, of course, it is possible to look at international politics from the point of view of normative theory. Throughout the 18th and 19th and indeed 20th century, theorists of international relations reflecting on the nature of peace. Have postulated all sorts of international orders which would abolish war.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=680.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe classless society of Marx, the international system based on nation states of Mazzini. Or the international order based on republican institutions of Kant. But it is interesting that Kant, when he described the way peace could be achieved as a moral act. Finally had to write another essay in which he concluded that while there was no inevitability about peace arising.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=723.0,764.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBecause of the moral convictions of the various statesmen. There was an inevitability about peace because a cycle of ever more violent wars would bring home to humanity the folly of conflict. [COUGH] Those who analyze international politics as a science have to add an assumption of a community of interests.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=764.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhich will bring about an equilibrium. Those who analyze international politics as a moral act have to add an assumption. Either of a teleology, that is the final goal of history, or [COUGH] of a compatibility of moral values. Or a rationalistic assumption that all right thinking people will come inevitably to the same conclusion.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=798.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe dilemma of international politics is that every international order that has existed in the past was once an aspiration, what started out as an aspiration. But it is the nature of aspirations that they cannot be demonstrated before they are implemented. And therefore every international order that has existed in the past has come about as a result of a long series of upheavals.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=836.0,884.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt is, [COUGH] [COUGH] It is possible to speak of the inevitability of permanent peace. But history offers no demonstration of it. And one of the dilemmas of a period for which war has become too catastrophic. Is that there is also the tendency to freeze every conflict at its existing level.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=884.0,922.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd to remove the historic method by which change has been achieved. There has not been in the past [COUGH]\na demonstration of peaceful change as a permanent feature in international relations. [COUGH] Indeed, in the past there has been a premium on creating at least the threat of conflict as a motive.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=922.0,959.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFor change. In 1949, Egypt tried to raise the issue of the Suez Canal in the United Nations. Britain answered that since there was no threat to peace, the United Nations was not confident. By 1952, Egypt had taken care of that particular matter, and had created a threat to peace, and the United Nations has then concerned itself with this problem rather directly.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=959.0,996.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn addition to these levels of concern, that is the approach to international politics as normative theory or as a science. I would like to talk about two other perspectives from which one can look at international affairs. The perspective of the observer standing outside of events and the perspective of the participant in the process on one level.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=996.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd then the perspective of the statesman. As against a perspective of what might solve [INAUDIBLE].\nFirst, the perspective of the observer as against the perspective of the participant. An observer can choose his topic. He can work on it for as long as he chooses. He can compare the advantages of a new proposal to the admitted imperfections of the existing system.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1035.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe policy maker does not have any of these advantages. In the modern bureaucratic state, say the Sovereign Union or the United States, thousands of cables arrive every day. Each of them involving the need of some kind of action. To the policy maker typically, a problem is not selected, it presents itself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1088.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIndeed, the policy maker tends to be so overwhelmed with the decisions that he must make, that he has no time to take on the decisions that perhaps he ought to make. In the late 1950s it was axiomatic in the faculty here that one of the things wrong with American foreign policy was the inadequate attention.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1123.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI suppose give them to the advisor of Harvard professors, but that was expressed in the formulation being adequate for the tension given to long range planning. In 1961, a fair number of Harvard professors found themselves in Washington, and with the humility that is characteristic of them.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1159.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\n\u003e\u003e Some of them began to wonder what they might do in the last two years of the Kennedy administration, when all problems were presumably solved.\n\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e Well, no such thing happened. And I suppose even in the Kennedy administration, the criticism of inadequate long range planning could have been made.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1187.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the reason seems to be, seems to me to be inherent in the nature the modern policy making process. And indeed, in the difference between the perspectives of the policy maker and the outsider. When one is overwhelmed with day-to-day decisions, there is a great reluctance to take on the conjectural problems that are involved in planning.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1215.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPlanning involves hypothetical cases. But when there are enough actual problems [COUGH]\nthen planning becomes merely a sop to administrative theory. And whether planning papers are accepted or rejected, the end result is the same. They are not taken seriously. A corollary of this Is that the discipline in the policy making process is always under pressure of time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1252.0,1296.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHis decisions are useful only if they are relevant to the issue that produced them. He cannot reflect indefinitely, and above, all he is responsible not only for the best thing that could happen, but also for the worse thing that might happen. Not every policy maker is less intelligent than editorial writers.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1296.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the reason why some of the most brilliant ideas of some of the most intelligent commentators cannot be accepted is not necessarily because they are not understood. And not because one would not appreciate [COUGH]\nthe results, if they succeeded. But because one could not confront, but because one does not want to confront the consequences if they failed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1327.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] Many of the proposals for unilateral disarmament, for example, have been based on the theory that one knows that if one side disarmed, the other side would follow suit. This, in fact, may be true, but it is very unlikely to be tested by any responsible policy maker. Because if it turns out to be wrong, he cannot say that he made a terrible mistake and he's going back to the library and write another book.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1366.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn foreign policy, in contrast to authorship, that are such things as irretrievable mistakes. Now, the most difficult problem, the most fundamental difference, perhaps in the perspective of the observer and the perspective of the participant. Resides in what I shall call the cropland of conjecture. The observer can operate with a criterion of truth.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1408.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] The participant faces the dilemma that when his scope for action is greatest, the knowledge on which to pay such action is at a minimum. When his knowledge is greatest the scope for action has very often disappeared In 1936, it would have been very simple for France to defeat Hitler after the Germans reoccupied the Rhineland with what it turned out were only three battalions.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1456.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt was physically simple to deal with a phenomenon of Hitler, but it was psychologically, extremely difficult. Because in 1936, nobody could know whether Hitler was a misunderstood nationalist, or a maniac bent on world domination. By 1941, everybody knew that Hitler was bent on world domination. But it was a knowledge that had to be paid for with millions of lives.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1504.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow I'm not saying that early action is always right and that inaction is always wrong. I'm saying, rather, something else. At the time that one decides either to act or not to act, one can only do so only on the basis of a theory, which can not be proved correct.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1541.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt is only to posterity that history appears inevitable. The most complicated act for the policy maker is to decide the nature about the nature about the historical evolution in which he finds himself. To assess the trend of events And this is one of the most difficult problems for a pragmatic society, such as the United States, to which in the past all problems presented themselves or which could wait until problems were unambiguous The element of conjecture is what gives a tragic quality to the act of policy making.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1568.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd which gives it more a philosophical than an empirical quality. And this gets me to another distinction within the range of the participants in the policy making process. The distinction between the approach to policy of what I would call the statesman, and the approach to policy of the policy making.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1631.0,1670.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe statesmen would fall [COUGH] the statesmen, into prophet. The statesmen is the, I would place into the category of those who look at foreign policy as a science. His first goal is to assure survival. He feels responsible not only for the best, but for the worst outcome. To him, aspirations become tools to be manipulated, partly because he's conscious of many aspirations that have failed, of many good intentions that could not be realized.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1670.0,1723.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe tendency of the statesmen is to erect hedges against the possibility that even the most brilliant idea might prove aborted. We will try to avoid too many experiments. And he will be suspicious of those who will try to turn foreign policy into personality. Because history teaches him that if structures, international structures depend on individuals, they are very fragile.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1723.0,1769.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTo a statesmen, gradualism is the essence of stability. Now by contrast, the prophetic approach seeks total solutions. What is possible interests this approach less than what is right. It is based on the assumption of the affectability of man. Its approach is more or less timeless in the sense that it does not make itself dependent on circumstance.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1769.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt tends to reject gradualism as an unnecessary concession to circumstance. Its vision is more important to it than the reality in which it finds itself. And indeed, this is one of the difficulties, when the defenders of the status quo deal with revolutionaries. That they deal with two different realms of reality.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1810.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe prophet seeks his motivation in exaltation, and the great upheavals and vast accomplishments of history has been produced by the prophetic approach. But both have enormous disasters. Now both approaches are possible, and both have succeeded. The [COUGH] 17th century, the wars of the French Revolution. Our century after the First World War, have essentially conducted foreign policy on the prophetic approach.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1851.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe 18th century, most of the 19th century. Conducted foreign policy in the mode that I've described as that of a statesman. Well, the accomplishments and the upheavals of the prophetic mode are greater, but so is the suffering. [COUGH] Both approaches have eventually failed. The period of the statesmen is a usually a period that emphasizes equilibrium and stability.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1910.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe dilemma of those periods is that while equilibrium is necessary to preserve the peace, it is usually not sufficient to provide inspiration. And at some point, some state or some leader comes along that isn't satisfied with merely maintaining the existing framework, and then attempts to smash it. International systems can be maintained in equilibrium only if all the major components accept it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1958.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf one of the major components fails to accept them, and begins to adopt the prophetic mode of action, then regardless of the intentions of the remainder, they will be forced into a revolutionary contest sooner or later. The difficulty with a prophetic mode is that it is more suitable for smashing a system than for building one.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2000.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] Revolutionary societies always have the problem of continuity. And of attempting to substitute some pattern of obligation for that which has been smashed. The greater the dislocation, the greater will be the amount of compulsion that has to be exercised within societies or the recourse to force that becomes necessary among society.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2031.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut it would be, if one looks at history, wrong to say, that one or the other is inevitable. Both of them have succeeded. And it becomes important to understand in what kind of period one is living, if one wants to grasp what the possibilities of international politics at any given period are.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2071.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow let me move from this, these general observations, to a more specific examination of various aspects of international affairs. I began by saying that the minimum condition of foreign policy for any state has to be survival. No political unit can achieve any positive objectives unless it exists. Therefore, there is a limiting condition to any international settlement.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2101.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNamely, that no society is going to accept an international order no matter how reasonable it may seem, and no matter how well balanced, that denies its own vision of its essential requirements for survival. If one looks at British proposals for the balance of power of Europe in the 19th century, or at American schemes for the peace of the world in the 20th century.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2151.0,2186.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is about them very often an abstract quality produced by a distance from the scene. And by a tendency to look at the components of the international system, as if stability were their only motive. But for the components of the international system, an international order, no matter how well balanced, is meaningless if it does not ensure at least their survival.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2186.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd they tend to equate their survival with the realization of certain basic values. In the 19th century, [COUGH] The dominant, Philosophy was that of nationalism and liberalism. No appeal to the reasonableness of these propositions could ever be convincing to the Austria Hungarian Empire, which was based on some other fear, on another theory.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2227.0,2269.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd whose very existence was jeopardized by the existence, by the acceptance of such views. Now, the environment of each nation is different and therefore, their conditions for survivor differ to some extent. In a society of sovereign states, other nations tend to be treated as potential threats. That is since their will cannot be controlled by any other, they must be controlled, at least to some extent, by the physical strength of a state or a combination of states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2269.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut there is an important difference in the strength of various states. And therefore, in the kind of policy they have to conduct. Countries which have a very large margin of survival can conduct, what I shall call, a defensive foreign policy. That is, they can wait for a threat to become unambiguous and then to mobilize their resources for dealing with that threat.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2328.0,2373.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis has been the characteristic American foreign policy until the outbreak of World War II. It was also the foreign policy of Great Britain during the greater part of its history, at least until World War I. Countries with a narrower of margin of survival have to conduct What I shall call a precautionary foreign policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2373.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this is the more characteristic mode of foreign policy. A precautionary foreign policy is directed not against the reality of a threat, but against the potentiality of a threat. A precautionary foreign policy is made necessary because the margin of survival is thought to be so narrow that one cannot afford to wait until an actual threat arises.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2409.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEven though Great Britain, with relation to the general balance of power, tended to conduct a defensive foreign policy with respect to naval power. It conducted a precautionary foreign policy. It was always understood that if fell into the hands of a major power, Great Britain would go to war, regardless of whether that major power gave Britain guarantees of its peaceful intentions.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2449.0,2485.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe reason was that Britain could not afford to wait if these intentions changed. And it had no control over the intentions of another sovereign state. In our time, a classical example of an area in which precautionary foreign policy must be conducted is the Middle East. According to the doctrines of collective security, International peace is threatened only if a sovereign border is crossed by the military force of one of the states.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2485.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut in the Middle East, especially with respect, in the case of Israel, the margin of survival is so narrow. [COUGH]\nThe frontiers have been so precarious that Israel has never felt that it could afford to wait to find out what the intentions of the Arab States actually were.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2536.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAny change in the military strength of the contenders in the Middle East, almost mathematically must bring forth a reaction on the other side. And in the case of Israel, almost inevitably, will produce what looks like an aggressive war. Precisely because Israel feels that by the time the intentions of the other side have become unambiguous, it will be too late to affect them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2564.0,2608.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt will always try to forstall the introduction of armaments in such a situation, on one side or the other, inevitably produces an armaments race. Guarantees have only a limited significance. Because they answer the question of what the guaranteeing power will do if it invokes the guarantee. It does not answer the question whether the guarantee will, in fact, be invoked.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2608.0,2647.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn an international order in which the margins of survival are very narrow. And in which the interests or the objectives of the major powers or major participants in that system appear to them to be incompatible. Foreign policy will inevitably be precautionary, wars will have the tendency to be preemptive.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2647.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[COUGH] Reassurance is very difficult to achieve by diplomacy. What used to be called the European balance of power was really a series of precautionary adjustments. In which any change on one side called forth a series of adjustments on the other in order to prevent a predominant force from being assembled by one constellation or the other.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2684.0,2727.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe dilemma of contemporary foreign policy is that on the one hand, the margin of survival of all states has shrunk. And the threat has mounted in a way that would have been inconceivable even a generation ago. From the point of view of the physical threat, all states should conduct a precautionary foreign policy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2727.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut from the point of view of what they can do about this threat. [COUGH] They are almost driven into a defensive mode. The survival of every major state Is physically threatened, but the capacity of a state to eliminate the danger or even to reduce it has also diminished.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2766.0,2803.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this gives contemporary foreign policy its characteristic confusion. The methods by which change has been achieved in the past. Or security has been guaranteed, do not apply at least with respect to a wide category of issues or weapons. On the other hand, This dilemma has up to now produced stability rather than resolution.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2803.0,2852.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd the conciousness of enormous danger has also been coupled with a sense of impotence with respect to the structure within which this danger can be absorbed. Because an international order depends not only on the balancing of physical capabilities. But also on the reconciliation of different values, and, to some extent, on the compatibility of domestic structures.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2852.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8115/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd it is this problem to which I'll turn next time. [APPLAUSE]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=2895.0,2923.57222"}]},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["ms_1981_s07_b0915_0001_caption.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Handed out reading list and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=6.37,10.5"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a list of the requirements,\nwhich I think are self explanatory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=10.5,14.88"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's only one point\nwith respect to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=16.96,22.145"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will notice that two\nof the requirements for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=22.145,27.173"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the honors candidates fall\nwithin the same week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=27.173,33.31"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did that, so that there wouldn't\nbe any pressures before April 1st,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=33.31,39.3"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you could do your thesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=39.3,41.99"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if a majority of the honor\nstudents in the course object,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=41.99,46.44"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see Mr Gurevich or one of the other\nassessments, and we will change it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=48.05,54.7"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now maybe the,\n[COUGH] Maybe Mr Gurevich, Mr Seagull,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=56.62,62.802"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr Stevenson, and Mr Strong could get up,\nso that you could all get a look at them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=62.802,69.25"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can't get up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=70.26,71.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is going to be graded\non a very low curve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=76.618,79.978"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [LAUGH]\n\u003e\u003e All right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=79.978,87.069"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are there any questions\nabout the technical side?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=87.069,95.238"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right then, yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=103.864,107.99"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e [INAUDIBLE]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=107.99,117.99"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003e\u003e All right, any other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=119.539,123.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right, [COUGH] well this,\nfor those of you who wandered in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=132.429,137.758"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here by mistake,\nis a course in international politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=137.758,142.898"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] And for the first few lectures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=142.898,148.385"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will discuss [COUGH]\nsome of the theoretical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=148.385,154.731"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background of the subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=154.731,158.858"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we will discuss\na number of case histories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=158.858,161.82"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the first question that arises is\njust what international politics is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=163.53,171.1"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In modern history, international politics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=174.104,177.927"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we know it today,\nis a relatively recent phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=177.927,182.531"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It came into being in its present form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=182.531,187.708"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only with the growth of the sovereign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=187.708,192.885"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state in the 17th and 18th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=192.885,198.571"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It presupposes that there is\na multiplicity of states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=198.571,205.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, that there exists an idea\nof sovereignty and equality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=206.402,214.057"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And thirdly, that the various states\nattempt to preserve their security or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=215.743,223.516"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieve their objectives by\ntheir own independent efforts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=223.516,229.844"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eras of empire do not know\ninternational relations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=229.844,235.79"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the difficulties that\nChina has in the conduct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=237.86,243.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of international affairs\nis probably the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=243.01,247.46"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that throughout its history, China has\nnever had to conduct foreign policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=248.52,253.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the basis of the equality\nof sovereign states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=255.14,259.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China was either preeminent in\nthe area that mattered to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=259.94,265.36"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is in East Asia, for a century,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=265.36,271.83"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was the object of\nthe foreign policy of others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=271.83,277.192"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But [COUGH] Chinese leaders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=277.192,281.142"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever their party, would find it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=281.142,286.244"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a novel experience to have to trade with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=286.244,291.674"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other states on the basis of equality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=291.674,297.117"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] Now,\none of the attributes of sovereignty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=301.765,307.455"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the various states\ncomposing the international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=307.455,313.979"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system regulate their relationships,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=313.979,318.699"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either in the omnivore on\nthe basis of their own judgement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=318.699,325.659"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] No state can bind itself for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=327.934,332.841"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all eternity because at\na minimum condition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=332.841,339.676"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survival has to be its minimum goal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=339.676,345.12"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=347.17,347.77"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are many levels at which\ninternational politics can be studied.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=347.77,353.76"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It involves an assessment of\nthe values of the various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=355.67,360.696"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"components of the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=360.696,364.727"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since the minimum condition\nof their foreign policy is 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crucial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=375.189,380.251"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"determines both the criteria\nof survival and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=380.251,384.525"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the positive objectives they're\ngoing to try to realize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=384.525,390.17"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, there is the problem\nof domestic structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=391.74,396.12"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every society has\na decision making process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=397.7,402.739"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which affects the rapidity\nwith which it can act,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=404.2,409.235"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH]\nwhich determines criteria of 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=431.62,435.38"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another or can keep another\nstate from imposing on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=435.38,440.84"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] International politics\ncan be looked at as a 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disarmament,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1366.205,1372.174"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, have been based on\nthe theory that one knows that if one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1372.174,1379.113"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side disarmed,\nthe other side would follow 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observer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1429.74,1435.18"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the perspective of the participant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1436.34,1440.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resides in what I shall call\nthe cropland of conjecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1441.82,1447.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The observer can operate\nwith a criterion of truth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1448.71,1454.03"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[COUGH] The participant faces\nthe dilemma that when his scope for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1456.149,1462.191"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"action is greatest, the knowledge on\nwhich to pay such action is at a minimum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1462.191,1469.72"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When his knowledge is greatest\nthe scope for action has very often","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1471.36,1478.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappeared In 1936,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1478.14,1483.704"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would have been very simple 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it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1493.891,1499.067"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turned out were only three battalions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1499.067,1504.59"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was physically simple to deal\nwith a phenomenon of Hitler,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1504.59,1509.642"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was psychologically,\nextremely difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1509.642,1514.024"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because in 1936, nobody could know 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lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1534.88,1540.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm not saying that early\naction is always right and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1541.44,1546.14"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that inaction is always wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1547.37,1549.37"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm saying, rather, something else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1550.82,1552.24"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the time that one decides either to\nact or not to act, one can only do so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1553.88,1561.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only on the basis of a theory,\nwhich can not be proved correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1561.2,1566.62"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is only to posterity that\nhistory appears inevitable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1568.34,1572.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most complicated act for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1572.94,1578.58"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the policy maker is to decide the nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1578.58,1583.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the nature about the historical\nevolution in which he finds himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1583.9,1589.664"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To assess the trend of events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1589.664,1595.564"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is one of the most difficult\nproblems for a pragmatic society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1597.71,1603.47"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as the United States, to which in the\npast all problems presented themselves or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1603.47,1610.286"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which could wait until\nproblems were unambiguous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1610.286,1614.32"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The element of conjecture is what gives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1619.208,1624.433"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a tragic quality to\nthe act of policy making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1624.433,1630.46"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And which gives it more a philosophical\nthan an empirical 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statesman,\nand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1658.075,1664.332"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the approach to policy\nof the policy making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1664.332,1670.63"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The statesmen would fall [COUGH]\nthe statesmen, into 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science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1685.13,1690.15"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His first goal is to assure survival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1692.39,1695.6"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He feels responsible not only for\nthe best, but for the worst outcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1696.87,1700.92"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To him, aspirations become\ntools to be manipulated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1703.96,1710.2"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly because he's conscious of\nmany aspirations that have failed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1711.38,1716.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of many good intentions\nthat could not be realized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1718.04,1721.9"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The tendency of the statesmen is to\nerect hedges against the possibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1723.74,1731.22"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that even the most brilliant\nidea might prove aborted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1731.22,1737.53"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will try to avoid too many experiments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1737.53,1740.94"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he will be suspicious\nof those who will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1742.57,1747.803"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to turn foreign\npolicy into personality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1747.803,1753.641"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because history teaches\nhim that if structures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1753.641,1758.537"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international structures depend on\nindividuals, they are very fragile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1758.537,1766.01"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To a statesmen,\ngradualism is the essence of stability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158#t=1769.87,1775.73"},{"id":"https://yalemssa.aviaryplatform.com/collections/56/collection_resources/17702/file/73158/transcript/8116/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now by contrast, the prophetic\napproach seeks total 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